robbery

• s8 theft act 1968
• robbery = a person is guilty of robbery if he steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, he uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being subjected to force
• to satisfy the actus reus, there must be a completed theft defined in s1 theft act 1968
• dishonest appropriation of property belonging to another with the intention to permanently deprive (robinson)
• the moment theft is complete with relevant force there is a robbery (corcoran v anderton)
• there must be force or threat of force
• jury to decide using ordinary meaning of word force
• it can be minimal (dawson and james)
• indirect (clouden)
• and the victim doesn't have to be frightened (b and r v dpp)
• the force/threat can be on any person
• the force must be immediately before or at the time of theft
• theft can be a continuing act (hale)
• and used to escape (lockley)
• the force must be used in order to steal
• to satisfy the mens rea, d must have mens rea for theft - dishonest and intention to permanently deprive the other of the property
• they must also intend to use force to steal (forrester)