robbery

• s8 theft act 1968
• can get up to life imprisonment
• robbery = a person is guilty of robbery if he steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, he uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being subjected to force
• actus reus = must be a completed theft, force or a threat of force, on any person, timing of force, force in order to steal
• completed theft = D had right in law to the money, so there was no completed theft and therefore no robbery (R v Robinson)
• completed theft = the moment theft is completed with relevant force there is a robbery (Cocoran v Anderton)
• force/threat of force = putting someone in fear of force is sufficient.

  a nudge is considered enough to be force, jury's decision. (Dawson and James)
• force/threat of force = force can be indirect (R v Clouden)
• force/threat of force = V doesn't have to be frightened (B and R v DPP)
• on any person = person threatened doesn't have to be from whom the threat occurs
• timing of force = immediately before, or at the time of theft

  theft can be a continuing act, jury decides when the theft was completed (R v Hale)
• timing of force = using force to escape can still be at the time of theft (R v Lockley)
• force in order to steal = force must be used in order to steal, if it is not used for this purpose any later theft will not be a robbery
• mens rea = dishonest and intention to permanently deprive the other of the property
• must intend to use force to steal (R v Forrester)