Lecture 2

• A computer system can be divided into two components to make data processing possible. What are those?


  Hardware and the software
• It is the tangible parts of the computer system


  Hardware
• The hardware has physical components:

  Mechanical, electrical, electronic, and magnetic parts
• What are the major hardware components?

  Input and output devices, Central Processing Unit (CPU), Memory unit and Storage devices, Motherboard
• CPU

  Central Processing Unit
• They provide means for users to input data and instructions to the computer system

  Input devices
• Most common input devices:

  Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Camera, Microphone
• It mirrors input data, or display output results of the operations on the input data.


  Output devices
• These are the most common output devices:

  Monitor, printer, speakers, earphones, projectors
• The brain of the computer.

  Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• It is where most of the processing takes place

  Central Processing Unit
• CPU is an?

  Integrated Circuit silicon chip
• What are the components of a CPU?

  Registers, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU)
• It is a high-speed storage locations.


  Registers
• Registers may hold?

  Instruction, Storage address, or any kind of data depending on the specific register.
• Most common registers used in a basic computer:

  Accumulator (AC), Address Register (AR), Instruction Register (IR), Program Counter (PC)
• It performs the general processing.


  Accumulator
• It holds the address for the memory location.

  Address Register
• It holds the current instruction being executed.

  Instruction Register
• It holds the address of the next instruction to be executed.

  Program Counter
• The arithmetic logic unit has two units:

  Arithmetic Section and Logic Section
• It performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.


  Arithmetic Section
• It performs logic operations like comparison of two numbers whether they are equal, greater, or less.


  Logic Section
• The ALU takes two arguments and these are?

  ARG 1 and ARG 2
• It coordinates data processing by controlling the transfer of data.


  Control Unit
• The CPU: Control Unit?

  It does not execute stored program instructions; it only directs other parts to do so.
• It stores instruction, data, and intermediate results temporarily or permanently, and supplies it to other units of the computer when needed.

  Memory Unit
• What are the two types of memory units?

  Primary and Secondary
• It is where data and programs are stored while the program is being executed along with the data.


  Primary Memory
• It is more costly and is directly accessed by the processing unit.


  Primary Memory
• Primary Memory is also known as?

  Main/Internal Memory
• Temporary/cache memory; volatile.

  RAM (Random Access Memory)
• Permanent memory; non-volatile

  ROM (Read Only Memory)
• It stores computer instructions and data for long periods of time.

  Secondary Memory
• It is relatively cheaper and cannot be directly accessed by the processing unit.


  Secondary Memory
• Examples of secondary memory:

  Hard disk, floppy disk, CD, DVD
• It interconnects the CPU with the memory units, along with the various input and output devices


  Motherboard
• It contains ports and buses that connects all the internal components.


  Motherboard
• Circuits that connect the CPU to other components

  Buses
• Slots/Connective points


  Ports