biochem summer midterm

• Organic chemistry


  Study of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen containing compounds produced by a living organism
• Inorganic chemistry


  Study of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen containing compounds produced by a living environment
• Biochemistry


  Study of organic substances that participate in different chemical processes that occur in plants, microorganisms and animals
• Cells


  • Basic structural unit of living organisms
  • Use thousands of chemical pathways to maintain life
• Energy production


  1. Glucose enters cells

  2. Glycolysis (2 ATP)

  3. Becomes pyruvic acid

  4. Formation of Acetyl coenzyme A

  5. Krebs/Citric Cycle (2 ATP)

  6. Makes NADH

  7. Electron transport chain (32 ATP)
• Hormone production


  1. Adipose tissues grow

  2. Leptin produced to lessen appetite and increase energy expenditure

  3. Fat cells shrink in size but do not deplete
• Levels of organization


  Monomer units<|>Macromolecules<|>Supramolecular complexes<|>Cells and organelles<|>Cell<|>Tissue<|>Organ<|>Organ system<|>Organism
• Nucleus


  Won't form without DNA<|>DNA can be wrapped into histones and condensed into chromosomes
• DNA


  Smallest unit
• Cell


  Smallest structural unit
• Nucleic acid


  Macromolecule
• Nucleotide


  Building block of nucleic acids<|>Parts: phosphate, pentose sugar, base<|>Bonds: Hydrogen bonds between bases, phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

  
• Protein


  Macromolecule<|>Amino acid is the building block<|>Peptide bond links amino acids<|>Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures<|>Properties determined by variable side chains

  
• Carbohydrates


  Macromolecule<|>Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
• Lipids


  Macromolecule<|>Fatty acids are the building blocks<|>Plasma membrane is most abundant in lipids<|>Glycerol unit, fatty acid tails, phosphate group

  
• Anabolism is the process to build and store
• Catabolism is the process of breaking down molecules
• Biomolecules


  • Building blocks
  • Macromolecules
  • Bonds
• Cell wall in plants contains cellulose made of glucose, but humans lack the enzyme to break it down
• Atherosclerosis


  Thickening or hardening of arteries due to buildup of plaque containing fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste, calcium, and fibrin
• Cholesterol


  Not all cholesterol is bad<|>Can be converted to steroid hormones like progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone
• People with anorexia have low cholesterol levels because they do not consume enough food containing cholesterol
• Bruton's X-linked agammaglobulinemia is an inherited disorder where the body cannot produce antibodies
• Diabetes mellitus


  When blood sugar is too high due to lack of insulin production or insulin resistance
• Edema formation


  Albumin regulates interstitial oncotic pressure by attracting water into the intravascular space<|>Albumin is produced by the liver