Ions possessing both + and - electrical charges, mostly electrically neutral (net charge is 0), contain positive and negative charges within the same molecule and can act as both an acid and a base in a chemical reaction
Formed between amino group if first amino acid and carboxylic acid group of 2nd amino acid with release of WATER, a dehydration process, covalent bond - STRONG bond
Amino acid sequence of the protein chain, results from the covalent bonding between the amino acids in the chain (peptide bonds), are translations of information contained in genes in the ribosomes
Refers to local folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the backbone, arises from the H-bonds formed between atoms of the polypeptide backbone
The C=O (carbonyl) of one amino acid is H bonded to the amino H (N-H) of an amino acid that is four down the chain, the pattern of bonding pulls the polypeptide chain into a helical structure that resembles a curled ribbon, with each turn of the helix containing 3.6 amino acids
Form when two or more segments of a polypeptide chain line-up next to each other, forming a sheet-like structure held together by H-bonds, the strands may be parallel or antiparallel
Primarily due to interactions between the R groups of the amino acids that make up the protein, formed by hydrophobic bonds, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, and ionic bonds
The association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed arrangement, each of the subunits has its own primary, secondary and tertiary structure, held together by the same types of bonds that contribute to tertiary structure
Loss of the protein's function due to structural change in the protein caused by some chemical or physical factor such as high temperature or unfavorable pH, the folded protein (the tertiary structure) unfolds, unravels
Results based on charge (more negative charges, the faster) and size (smaller the size, the faster), if cathode (negative) is in the loob ng box, use acid on the blood serum (to activate positive-charged proteins) for the blood serum to move, if anode (positive) is in the loob ng box, use alkaline (to activate negative-charged proteins) for the blood serum to move