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• Classification of Minerals

  • Silicates
  • Oxides
  • Sulfates
  • Sulfides
  • Carbonates
  • Halides
  • Native Elements
  • Semi-metals
  • Non-metals
• Silicates

  Composed of silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons (SiO4) the fundamental building block of silicate minerals<|>90% of rock-forming minerals belong here
• Silicate minerals

  • feldspar
  • mica
  • quartz
  • pyroxene
  • olivine
• Oxides


  Minerals containing Oxygen anion (02-) combined with one or more metal ions
• Oxide minerals


  • magnetite (Fe304)
  • Hematite (Fe2O3)
• Sulfates

  Contain Sulfur and Oxygen anion (SO4)- combined with other ions (metal cation)<|>Usually precipitate out of water near Earth's surface
• Sulfides

  Contain sulfur anion (S2-) combined with one or more ions<|>Economically important metals
• Sulfide minerals

  • copper
  • lead
  • zinc
  • galena (lead sulfite)
  • covellite (copper sulfide)
  • wurtzite (zinc iron sulfide)
• Carbonates

  Carbonate anion (CO3)2- combined with other elements<|>Characterized by the presence of carbonic acid (H2CO3) which bonds elements such as calcium or magnesium to form calcite or dolomite
• Halides


  Contain Halogen elements combined with one or more elements<|>Chlorine or fluorine form Halite or Rock Salt (NaCl) and Fluorite (CaF2)
• Native Elements

  • Metals
  • Inter-metals
  • Semi-metals
  • Non-metals
• Metals

  • High thermal and electrical conductivity, typically with metallic luster, low hardness (gold, lead)
• Semi-metals

  • More fragile than metals and have low conductivity (arsenic, bismuth)
• Non-metals

  • Nonconductive (sulfur, diamond)
• Silicate minerals make up 90% of the Earth's crust
• Most silicate minerals also contain other elements like aluminum, iron, or magnesium
• Types of rocks

  • Igneous
  • Sedimentary
  • Metamorphic
• Earth is a solid rock to a depth of 2,900 kilometers where mantle meets the liquid outer core
• Rock


  Naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals<|>The aggregate minerals forming the rocks are held together by chemical bonds<|>Grains can be different in color, texture, and sizes
• Petrology


  The scientific study of rocks. Rocks are combined aggregation of minerals. Petrologist
• "Si ox susulpot sa car hana dul set"