Helo

• Nervous system


  Directs all body systems and cells, responsible for all thought, emotion, sensation, and movement
• Major subsystems of the nervous system

  • Central nervous system
  • Peripheral nervous system
• Central nervous system (CNS)


  Consists of the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)


  Contains the cranial nerves and spinal nerves that connect the central nervous system to the peripheral organs of the body
• Neurons


  • Contain a cell nucleus and dendrites and axons
  • Dendrites receive impulses from sensory organs and other neurons and transmit them to the central nervous system
  • Axons send or transmit signals to other cells
• Parts of the brain

  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem
  • Diencephalon
  • Limbic system
  • Reticular activating system
• Cerebrum


  Largest and uppermost portion of the brain, consists of the cerebral hemispheres
• Lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

  • Frontal
  • Temporal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
• Frontal lobe


  Influences personality, judgment, abstract reasoning, social behavior, language expression, and movement
• Temporal lobe


  Controls hearing, language comprehension, and storage and recall of memories
• Parietal lobe


  Interprets and integrates sensations including pain, temperature, and touch, and interprets size, shape, distance, and texture
• Occipital lobe


  Functions primarily to interpret visual stimuli
• Cerebellum


  Coordinates and controls voluntary movements, coordinates muscle movement, and controls balance
• Brain stem


  Relays messages between the parts of the nervous system
• Diencephalon


  Transmits sensory information and connects components of the endocrine system with the nervous system
• Limbic system


  Involved in our behavioral and emotional responses, especially those needed for survival
• Reticular activating system (RAS)


  Responsible for our wakefulness, ability to focus, fight-flight response, and perception of the world
• Spinal cord


  Carries nerve signals from the brain to the body and vice versa
• Subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system

  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
• Somatic nervous system


  Associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles, consists of sensory and motor nerves
• Autonomic nervous system


  Regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal, contains sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions
• Aphasia is loss or impairment of the ability to communicate through speech, written language, or signs, typically resulting from brain disease or trauma
• Aphonia is loss of the ability to speak
• Apraxia is complete or partial inability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of sensory or motor impairment
• Bradylalia refers to abnormally slow speech, caused by a brain lesion
• Cephalgia is a headache
• Cerebral contusion is a bruising of the brain tissue as a result of a severe blow to the head
• Coma is a state of unconsciousness from which the patient can't be aroused
• Concussion, the most common head injury, results from a blow to the head and causes temporary neural dysfunction
• Delirium is disorientation to time and place, the patient may also experience illusions and hallucinations
• Dementia is an organic mental syndrome marked by general loss of intellectual abilities, with chronic personality disintegration, confusion, disorientation
• Echoencephalography is a diagnostic technique that involves the use of ultrasound waves to study structures within the brain
• Hemiparesis refers to paralysis or muscular weakness affecting only one side of the body
• Hemiplegia is paralysis of one side of the body
• Myelogram is an X-ray of the spinal cord
• Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes
• Oculo-


  Root meaning eye
• Conjunctiva


  Membrane lining the inner surfaces of the eyelids and anterior portion of the eyeball over the white of the eye
• Cornea


  Fibrous, transparent tissue that extends over the pupil and iris, bends and refracts light rays
• Sclera


  Fibrous layer under the conjunctiva, extends from the cornea to the optic nerve