Chapter 11 psychology

• Choleric temperament


  Passionate, ambitious, and bold
• Melancholic temperament


  Reserved, anxious, and unhappy
• Sanguine temperament


  Joyful, eager, and optimistic
• Phlegmatic temperament


  Calm, reliable, and thoughtful
• Phrenology


  The pseudoscience of measuring the areas of a person's skull to determine personality traits and characteristics
• Kant's four temperaments


  Traits used to describe the personality of a person from each of the four temperaments
• Wundt's two major axes

  Emotional/nonemotional and changeable/unchangeable
• Psychodynamic perspective


  Freud's theory that unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression, along with childhood sexuality, are the forces that influence our personality
• Neo-Freudians


  Theorists who modified Freud's ideas, generally agreeing that childhood experiences matter but reducing the emphasis on sex and focusing more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality
• Psychodynamic perspective


  Assumptions about personality development
• Id


  Unconscious, primitive drives and urges
• Ego


  Rational part of personality, balances id and superego
• Superego


  Moral compass, strives for perfection, judges behavior
• Inferiority complex


  A person's feelings that they lack worth and don't measure up to the standards of others or of society
• Alfred Adler


  • Proposed the concept of the inferiority complex
  • Believed that feelings of inferiority in childhood drive people to attempt to gain superiority
  • Saw childhood development emerging through social development rather than the sexual stages Freud outlined
  • Identified three fundamental social tasks: occupational tasks, societal tasks, and love tasks
• Erik Erikson


  • Proposed a psychosocial theory of development, suggesting that an individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan
  • Emphasized the social relationships that are important at each stage of personality development, in contrast to Freud's emphasis on sex
  • Identified eight stages of personality development, each representing a conflict or developmental task
• Ego defense mechanisms


  Unconscious protective behaviors that work to reduce anxiety
• Carl Jung


  • Developed his own theory called analytical psychology, which focuses on working to balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought and experience within one's personality
  • Believed that the work of becoming aware of unconscious elements and integrating them into consciousness is a continuous learning process, mainly occurring in the second half of life
  • Disagreed with Freud that sexual drive was the primary motivator in a person's mental life
  • Agreed with Freud's concept of a personal unconscious but thought it was incomplete, adding the concept of a collective unconscious
• Collective unconscious


  (in Jung's theory) The part of the unconscious that is shared by all people and is inherited, containing universal symbols and archetypes
• Repression


  Anxiety-causing memories from consciousness are blocked
• Karen Horney


  • Revised Freud's concept of "penis envy"
• Reaction formation


  Expressing feelings, thoughts, and behaviors opposite to one's inclinations
• Neo-Freudians generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but deemphasized sex, focusing more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality
• Regression


  An individual acts much younger than their age
• Projection


  A person refuses to acknowledge their own unconscious feelings and instead sees those feelings in someone else
• Carl Jung


  Swiss psychiatrist and protégé of Freud, who later split off from Freud and developed his own theory, which he called analytical psychology
• Oral stage


  Pleasure is focused on the mouth, eating and sucking
• Anal stage


  Pleasure is experienced in bowel and bladder movements, conflict is over toilet training
• Jung split from Freud

  Based on two major disagreements: 1) Jung did not accept that sexual drive was the primary motivator in a person's mental life, 2) Jung thought Freud's concept of a personal unconscious was incomplete and focused on the collective unconscious
• Phallic stage


  Awareness of bodily differences between boys and girls, conflict over desire for opposite-sex parent
• Collective unconscious


  A universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us
• Latency period


  Sexual feelings are dormant as children focus on other pursuits
• Genital stage


  Sexual reawakening, mature sexual interests
• Archetypes


  Ancestral memories represented by universal themes in various cultures, as expressed through literature, art, and dreams
• Archetypes


  • Reflect common experiences of people the world over, such as facing death, becoming independent, and striving for mastery
  • Present in the folklore and fairy tales of every culture
• Extroversion and introversion


  Two attitudes or approaches toward life proposed by Jung
• Characteristics of introverts and extroverts

  • Introverts: Energized by being alone, avoids attention, speaks slowly and softly, thinks before speaking, stays on one topic, prefers written communication, pays attention easily, cautious
  • Extroverts: Energized by being with others, seeks attention, speaks quickly and loudly, thinks out loud, jumps from topic to topic, prefers verbal communication, distractible, acts first, thinks later
• Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
• Karen Horney


  One of the first women trained as a Freudian psychoanalyst, who later moved away from Freud's teachings
• Horney's three coping styles

  • Moving toward people (affiliation and dependence)
  • Moving against people (aggression and manipulation)
  • Moving away from people (detachment and isolation)