Crop science 1-20

• It is a Systemically accumulated and tested knowledge

  Science
• Any organisms belonging to the kingdom of plantae

  Plant
• Domesticated/cultivated plants grown for profit

  Crop
• It is concerned with the observation and classification of knowledge concerning economically cultivated crops.

  Crop science
• Deals with the principles and practices of managing field crops and soils.

  Agronomy
• Deals with gardens and plants within an enclosure

  Horticulture
• For fruits

  Pormology
• Vegetables

  Olericulture
• Flowers

  Floriculture
• based on convenience in which a structure or feature serves as a basis of grouping

  Artificial system
• uses the most prominent and most peculiar morphological structure of the plant with the intention grouping together those crops which are most familiar in number of structures

  Natural system
• plants are classified according to their evolutionary status

  Phylogenetic system
• succulent plants with self-supporting stems, with soft stems

  Herbs
• succulent or woody plants without self- supporting stems

  Vines
• may have several main branches with no trunk and rarely grows higher than 5 meters. Shrubs
• with single central stem to which branches are attached, usually taller than shrub

  Trees
• complete their cycle in 1 year or less.(eg. Squash)

  Annual
• plants ordinarily require 2 years or at least part of 2 growing seasons with a dormant period between growth stages to complete their life cycle

  Biennials
• plants that do not die after flowering but live from year to year.(eg. Asparagus)

  Perennials
• plants that develop after undergoing processes of meiosis and fertilization in the flower to produce a viable embryo in the seed

  Sexual
• plants that are produced by any vegetative means not involving meiosis and the union of gametes.

  Asexual
• parasitic, sucking roots

  Parasites
• grow upon other plants (orchids) but not parasitic

  Epiphytes
• grow in places rich in decaying organic Substances

  Saprophytes
• grown for their grains Examples: rice, com, wheat, sorghum

  Cereals/grain crops
• usually eaten with staple crops, further classified according to similarities in the method of culture

  Vegetables
• edible botanical fruits usually used for dessert which may be eaten raw, cooked or in processed form

  Fruits
• Provides mechanical protection and rigidity to the plant cell Consists of cellulose that overcome pressure due to its elastic property Composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectic substances, organic and inorganic substances, lignin, enzymes, protein and water.

  Cell wall
• where pectin cements adjacent cells together);

  Middle lamella
• thin, not rigid, stretched as the cell grows, layer formed before and during growth of the plant cell, consists of cellulose microfibril, have primary pit fields, thin areas that transversed by numerous protoplasmic strands called plasmodesmata

  Primary wall
• rigid, thick, formed after cell completes growth)

  Secondary wall
• All living matter of the cell apart from the nucleus - Gel-like material or fluid in which the cell's organelles and internal membrane system are suspended - Distributes substances absorbed from outside and released by the nucleus and other organelles (through cytoplasmic streaming/cyclosis - flowing movement of cytoplasm)

  Cytoplasm
• has selective permeability Functions: Allows some substances to cross easily and completely block substances Accumulates the ions or the molecules in the cytosol through the action of transport proteins that consumes metabolic energy Coordinates the formation of cell wall microfibrils

  Plasmalemma/plasma membrane
• flattened disks or tubular sacs Types: Rough endoplasmic reticulum (with numerous ribosomes) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (lack ribosomes) Functions: Rough ER - involved in the synthesis of lipid Smooth ER involved in the synthesis of membrane proteins and secretory proteins

  Endoplasmic reticulum
• collective term for all dictyosomes (consists of stack of flattened hollow disks called cisternae) or golgi bodies Functions: Involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides and glucose units for cell wall formation. Secretes protein and carbohydrates from the cell to the exterior part (Ex. nectar coming out from the flower

  Golgi apparatus
• small cylindrical organelles enclosed by two- unit membranes:

  Mitochondria
• permeable for smaller particles.contains the respiratory chain component and enzymes for the synthesis of ATP

  Outer membrane
• impermeable and folded into numerous cristae Function, sites of respiration

  Inner membrane
• differentiated into system of membrane (2 units) and ground substance, the stroma

  Plastids
• site of photosynthesis involved in amino and fatty acids synthesis provides space for temporary storage of starch.

  Chloroplast