41-60

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• Sequences in the conduct of yield tests

  1. Observational yield test - may test separate groups of experimental lines; uses incomplete block design or triple lattice design with 2-3 replications in one location

  2. Preliminary yield test - evaluation including a check variety using incomplete block design with 2-3 replications in at least 2 locations

  3. General yield test - uses randomized complete block design with 3 replications in at least 3 locations

  4. Advanced yield test - elite lines from general yield tests evaluated using randomized complete block design with 4-replications in 6-10 locations
• Superior lines are approved to be released as a variety by the National Seed Industry Council (NSIC); the variety must have passed the tests for distinctiveness (D), uniformity (U) and stability (S) or the DUS-test.
• MULTIPLICATION


  1. Seed production - should observe proper isolation procedures to maintain genetic purity of the variety

  2. Isolation - separation of a population of plants from other genotypes with which they are capable of mating

  3. Seed processing - drying, cleaning and grading, testing, treating, bagging and labeling
• Types of varieties

  • Hybrids
  • Synthetics
  • Composites
  • Inbreds
  • Multilines
  • Isolines
  • Open-pollinated variety
  • Landraces
• Hybrid seed production

  1. 3-line system - male sterile line (A), maintainer line (B) and restorer line (R)

  2. 2-line system - male sterile line, the expression of which is influenced by environment and any inbred variety as pollen parent

  3. 1-line system - use of apomixis to produce the F1 seeds and maintain the genotype of the F1
• Classes of seeds

  • Breeder seeds
  • Foundation seeds
  • Registered seeds
  • Certified seeds
  • Good seeds
• Germplasm is the sum total of hereditary material or genes present in a species
• Germplasm storage


  • As seeds in cold/refrigerated rooms
  • Maintained as living plants in field or through slow growth in vitro
  • Cryopreservation or freeze-preservation
• Sustainable agriculture


  An integrated system of plant and animal production having site specific applications that will, over the long term: satisfy human food and fiber needs, enhance environmental quality and natural resource base upon which the agricultural economy depends, make the most efficient use of non-renewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls, sustain the economic viability of farm operations, and enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole
• Sustainability


  Ability of a system to maintain productivity in spite of a major disturbance such as is caused by intense or large perturbation<|>Capacity of a system to maintain output at a level approximately equal to or greater than its historical average, with the approximation determined by its historical variability
• Characteristics of Sustainable Agriculture

  • Flexible
  • Experiential
  • Participatory
  • Proactive
  • Continuously evolving
  • Gender sensitive
  • Ecologically sound and friendly
  • Culturally appropriate
  • Economically viable
  • Location specific
  • Resource-based
  • Social equity
  • Holistic Approach
  • Enhances human values
• Focus for action in sustainable agricultural framework: long term sustainability rather than short tern benefits, provide internal solutions to internal problems rather than external solutions to internal problems, emphasis on management solutions to problems rather than merely on technological solutions to the problems, responsive to feedback, belief in accountability and participatory, rather than detachment, low rather than high external input, emphasis on systems approach rather than on individual commodities and monoculture, relies on available indigenous resources and self-reliance rather than capital intensive, use of technologies that preserve and enrich the natural resource base rather than the use of technologies that exploit and destroy the natural resource base, recognize location specificity of technologies, use of appropriate and indigenous technologies
• Types of sustainable agriculture

  • Biodynamic farming or biodynamicagriculture
  • Biological farming/ecological farming
  • Natural farming
  • Kyusei Nature Farming
  • Permaculture
  • Organic Farming
  • Regenerative agriculture
  • Precision farming/agriculture/ Prescription Farming /Site Specific Management
• Farming system


  The manner in which a particular set of farm resources is assembled within its environment by means of technology for the production of primary agricultural products, excluding postharvest handling/ processing and marketing
• Types of farming systems


  • Based on Enterprise Mix(es)
  • Based on the Dominant Crop(s)
  • Based on Agro-environment
  • Based on Use of Farm Inputs
  • Based on the Central or Unique Feature of the Farm
  • Evolving Type of FS
  • Specialized FS
• General Types of Farming Systems

  • Lowland Farming System
  • Upland Farming System
  • Agro-forestry
  • Highland Farming System
  • Dry Farming or Dryland Farming System
• Cropping System


  Refers to the pattern or arrangement of crops in time and space, as well as the process of growing them
• Polyculture Farming System involves the mixture of annual crops with other annual crops
• Farming Systems

  • Agroforestry
  • Highland Farming System
  • Dry Farming or Dryland Farming System
• Highland Farming System


  Agricultural areas of higher elevation of at least 800-1000 m above sea levels, characterized with relatively lower temperatures throughout the year
• Dry Farming or Dryland Farming System

  The practice of growing profitable crops without irrigation in areas which receive an annual rainfall of 500mm or even less
• Dryland agriculture


  The cultivation of crops entirely under rainfed condition, with three groups/classifications on the basis of annual rainfall
• Cropping System refers to the pattern or arrangement of crops in time and space, as well as the process of growing them
• Polyculture Farming System


  Involves the mixture of annual crops with other annuals, annuals with perennials, or perennials with perennials, or perennials with perennials planted in spatial pattern
• Cropping Pattern


  The yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops or of crops and fallows on a given area
• Types of Monoculture

  • Perennial monoculture
  • Annual crop monoculture
• Perennial monoculture


  Involves the planting of trees especially on steep slopes and heavy clay soils. Rubber, ipil-ipil and coconut are suitable trees under this system
• Annual crop monoculture


  Utilizes both upland and lowland annual crops like rice, corn and vegetables
• Multiple Cropping


  Growing of more than one crop on the same land in one year
• Types of Multiple Cropping

  • Sequential cropping
  • Double cropping
  • Triple cropping
  • Ratoon cropping
• Sequential cropping


  Growing of two or more crops in sequence on the same field within a 12 month period, with the succeeding crop planted only after the preceding crop has been harvested such that a farmer managed only one crop at any time on the same field
• Double cropping


  Growing two crops in sequence, seedling or transplanting one after the harvest of the other - also called sequential cropping
• Triple cropping


  Growing three crops in sequence, seedling or transplanted one after the harvest of the other
• Ratoon cropping


  The development of a new crop without replanting from buds on the root system, stubble or stems of the preceding crops, a harvest not necessarily for grains. Rice under certain conditions can be a ratooned crop
• Intercropping


  The growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field such that the period of overlap is long enough to include vegetative stage
• Major intercropping systems

  • Parallel cropping
  • Companion cropping
  • Multi-storey/Multilevel
  • Synergetic cropping
• Parallel cropping


  Cultivation of such crops which have different natural habitat and zero competition. Example: mungbean (30-35 days after sowing) + maize (50 days after sowing)
• Companion cropping


  Intercropping where the production of both intercrops is equal to that of its solid planning. Example: mustard/potato/onion + sugarcane