Cell

• cell biology - study of structure, function, molecular organization, growth, reproduction, and genetics of the cells
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek - first recorded observations of bacterial cells (discovered living organisms in pond water)
• robert hooke - observed cells who also coined the term due to the appearance of what he saw as being those of a honeycomb shape
• 1830 - year when importance of cells were realized
• Matthias Schleiden - He proposed that plants are made up of cells.
• Theodor Schwann - Discovered that cells are made up of cells and that cells are the basic building blocks of all living things and realized animals were also composed of fundamental cellular units or cells
• Schleiden-Schwan view of cell origin - cells could arise from non-cellular materials
• Rudolf Virchow - demonstrated that living cells could arise only from living cells (biogenesis) and not from inanimate matter (abiogenesis)
• Cell Theory - All organisms are composed of one or more cells; The cell is the structural and functional unit of life; New cells arise only from pre-existing cells by division
• Cell - smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions
• Types of cell - prokaryotic and eukaryotic
• Eukaryotic cell - plants and animal cell that contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Prokaryotic cell - do not have structures surrounded by membranes (bacteria)
• four common components of cells - plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes
• Plasma Membrane - outer covering of all living cells; controls what enters and exits the cell
• Cytosol - fluid inside the cell where most chemical reactions take place
• Chromosome - contains genetic material or DNA
• Ribosome - site of protein synthesis
• Vacuole - large sac filled with watery substance called sap; stores food materials, waste products, pigments, etc.
• nucleus - stores the genetic material of the cell (nucleoid in prokaryotes)
• nuclear membrane - encloses the nucleus and protects the genetic material
• Nucleoplasm - gel-like substance that fills the nucleus
• nucleolus - where ribosomes are made and rRNA is synthesized; area in the nucleoplasm where genetic material is highly concentrated
• nuclear pore - gateway of materials into or out of the nucleus
• mitochondria - produces energy for the organism; powerhouse of the cell
• endoplasmic reticulum - moves materials around the cell
• rough ER - contains ribosomes and is the site for protein synthesis
• smooth ER - lacks ribosome and contains cell types for metabolic processes
• golgi apparatus - site for modifying, sorting, and storing compounds that moves materials within and out of the cell
• lysosome - a membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes that help break down food or damaged organelles
• peroxisome - helps break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel
• centriole - organelle for cell division
• chloroplast - plant cell organelle that contains chlorophyll and is responsible for photosynthesis
• Protoplasm - cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
• functions of cell

  1. provides support and structure
  2. facilitate growth mitosis
  3. allows transport of substances
  4. energy production
  5. reproduction
• Cell theory

  1. all living organisms are composed of one or many cells
  2. cells are the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
  3. cells must come from pre-existing cells