Socstud 110

• Demographic trends


  Changes in the characteristics of population over time, including factors such as birthrates, death rates, migration patterns, and age distribution
• Fertility rates


  The number of children born to women in a population significantly impacts population growth and age distribution
• Mortality rates


  The rate at which people die within a population affects population size and age structure
• Population change


  The difference in the size of population between the end and the beginning of a given time period (usually one year)
• Population growth


  An increase in the total number of individuals within a population due to higher birth rates than death rates
• Population decline


  A decrease in the total population size caused by factors such as low birth, high mortality rate, or emigration
• Population redistribution


  Movement of people from rural areas to urban centers living to change in population distribution
• Population structure


  The makeup of compositions of individuals in a population, characterized by demographic parameters such as gender, age, fertility, mortality and migration
• Age distribution


  The proportion of individuals in different age groups such as children, working-age adults, and elderly population
• Sex ratio


  The ratio of males to females in a population, which can influence social dynamics and demographic trends
• Dependence ratio


  The ratio of dependent (young and elderly) population to the working age population indicating the support burden on the economically active population
• Social problem


  Conditions or situations that harm or disrupt society, leading to negative consequences for individuals and communities
• Social issue


  Broader topics or concerns that affect society as a whole, reflecting the values, norms, and beliefs of a community
• Social problems

  • Poverty, homelessness, crime, substance abuse, domestic violence, racial discrimination, and environmental degradation
• Social issues

  • Gender equality, climate change, healthcare access, education reform, LGBTQ+ rights, and technological advancements
• Current issue

  Examples: climate change, the Covid-19 pandemic, social justice and inequality, political unrest, economic instability,
• Approaches to social problems

  • Awareness and education
  • Policy and advocacy
  • Community engagement
  • Collaboration and partnership
  • Research and data
  • Capacity building
  • Economic empowerment
• Human rights


  Fundamental rights that inherently belong to all individuals simply by virtue of being human, universal and inalienable, safeguarded by international human rights law
• History of human rights in the Philippines


  1. 1896: Educated Filipinos aware of basic constitutional guarantees

  2. 1899: Malolos Constitution established a Republican government with provisions on civil and political rights

  3. 1901-1934: American influence through application of American Bill of Rights

  4. 1935-1937: Inclusion of a Bill of Rights in Philippine Constitutions

  5. 1942-1945: Filipinos temporarily deprived of civil and political rights under Japanese military rule

  6. 1945: Civil and political rights restored

  7. 1970s: EDSA revolution and new constitution in 1987 guaranteeing human rights
• Types of human rights in the Philippines

  • Civil and political rights
  • Economic, social, and cultural rights
  • Rights of specific groups (women, children, indigenous peoples, persons with disabilities, LGBTQ+)
  • Collective rights (self-determination, development)
• 
  

  1987 Philippine Constitution, Republic Acts and Laws, International treaties
• Enforcement and protection mechanisms for human rights in the Philippines

  • Commission on Human Rights (CHR)
  • Judiciary
  • Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
• Human rights violations and abuses


  Any actions or policies that infringe upon the inherent rights and freedoms that belong to every person
• Types of human rights violations and abuses

  • Civil and political rights violations (arbitrary detention, torture, extrajudicial killings, suppression of free speech, political repression)
  • Economic, social, and cultural rights violations (child labor, forced labor, denial of education, lack of access to healthcare)
  • Discrimination (racial, gender, religious, LGBTQ+)
  • Human trafficking and exploitation (sex trafficking, labor trafficking)
• Types of Human Rights Violations

  • Repression of Free Speech: Censorship and punishment for expressing opinions
  • Political Repression: Intimidation, harassment, or violence against political opponents
• Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Violations

  • Child Labor: Exploiting children for labor in harmful conditions
  • Forced Labor: Compelling individuals to work against their will
  • Denial of Education: Preventing access to education, particularly for marginalized groups
  • Lack of Access to Healthcare: Withholding essential health services
• Types of Discrimination

  • Racial Discrimination: Unequal treatment based on race or ethnicity
  • Gender Discrimination: Unequal treatment based on gender or sex
  • Religious Discrimination: Persecution based on religious beliefs
  • LGBTQ+ Discrimination: Violations of rights based on sexual orientation or gender identity
• Sex Trafficking 


  • : Forcing individuals into sexual slavery
• Conflict-Related Abuses

  • War Crimes: Violations of international humanitarian law during armed conflicts
  • Crimes Against Humanity: Widespread or systematic attacks against civilians
  • Genocide: Acts intended to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group
• Legal Documents


  A written instrument that records and formalizes an agreement, obligation, or other legally enforceable act
• Peace Alternatives


  Nonviolent conflict resolution, collaborative problem solving, can improve the quality of human relationships and bring about solutions that are constructive, fair and helpful to all parties concerned
• Poverty


  Lacking enough resources to provide the necessities of life—food, clean water, shelter and clothing. But in today's world, that can be extended to include access to health care, education and even transportation.
• Types of Poverty


  • Absolute Poverty: Those whose incomes fall below a line set by a given country, unable to meet basic needs
  • Relative Poverty: People whose total incomes are less than a certain percentage—typically 50%--of the country's median income
• Structural Functionalist Theory


  Poverty in some ways serves a purpose in society, as poor people are more willing to do jobs that are dangerous, low paying, and work that other people are less willing to do
• Conflict Theory


  Recognizes that there are often structural barriers that prevent individuals from achieving upward social mobility, and that society is in a constant state of competition and struggle due to the unequal distribution of resources, leading to social conflicts and divisions
• Culture of Poverty


  Living in poverty creates a unique way of life that evolves into its own culture, with habits, values, and attitudes of people living in poverty passed down through generations, becoming ingrained in their way of life
• Aspects of the Culture of Poverty

  • Social Segregation: People living in poverty become a distinct part of society, separate from the mainstream
  • Self-Segregation: Behavior leads to distancing themselves from mainstream society
  • Social Exclusion: Prevents marginalized individuals from fully participating in societal activities
• Social Exclusion


  Broader than poverty, refers to being "shut out" or excluded from mainstream society
• Causes of Poverty


  • Income Inequality:
  • Unemployment:
  • High Inflation and Inequality:
  • Limited Access to Education:
• Give Solutions and Programs To combat poverty

  • Food Stamp Program (FSP):
  • Philippines Rural Development Project:
  • Ambisyon Natin 2040:
  • Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino
  • Addressing Climate Change Resilience:
  • Economic Reforms and Investments:
  • Human Capital Development:
  • Collaborative Efforts: