T1 Assessment and Health Promotion Infertility

• How long is the average menstrual cycle?

  28 days.
• When does ovulation occur during the average 28 day menstrual cycle?

  Day 14.
• What happens during the endometrial cycle (4 phases)?

  • Menstruation (basal layer retained and outer 2/3 of uterine lining is shed)
  • Proliferation (After menses and dependent on estrogen secretion from ovaries)
  • Secretory phases (Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary produce LH and FSH to stimulate ovum release)
• What happens to the body temperature during ovulation?

  Increases.
• What transforms into the corpus luteum during ovulation?

  The site where the egg was released from.
• When does the corpus luteum reach it's peak function?

  8 days after ovulation.
• When should prenatal care begin?

  Before 12 weeks gestation.
• Can pregnancy occur with perimenopause still?

  Yes.
• How many women experience degrees of infertility?

  6 - 12% of women.
• What puts women at an increased risk of IPV?

  Pregnancy.
• What is amenorrhea?

  Absence of menstrual periods.
• What is cyclic perimenstrual pain and discomfort?

  Cyclic symptoms such as mood swings, pelvic pain, physical discomfort, PMS, PMDD, dysmenorrhea.
• What is endometriosis?

  A condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus causing adhesions and scarring.
• What invasive procedure may be needed to treat endometriosis?

  Hysterectomy.
• What is oligomenorrhea?

  Infrequent or irregular menstrual periods.
• What is hypomenorrhea?

  Light menstrual flow.
• What is menorrhagia?

  Heavy menstrual bleeding.
• What is metrorrhagia?

  Irregular uterine bleeding between periods.
• What are common vaginal infections during pregnancy?

  Bacterial vaginosis (BV), candidiasis, and trichomoniasis.
• What is BV associated with?

  Preterm labor and birth.
• What are signs of BV?

  Altered vaginal pH, fishy odor.
• What is BV treated with?

  Metronidazole (Flagyl).
• What can candidiasis be treated with?

  Fluconazole or OTC antifungal.
• What are signs of trichomoniasis?

  Pruritis, irritation, copious frothy yellow-green foul smelling discharge, petechiae (strawberry spots) on cervix and vaginal walls, possible bleeding from cervix or vaginal walls.
• What are treatments for trichomoniasis?

  Metronidazole (Flagyl).
• What does TORCH mean for infections?

  Toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegaolvirus (CMV), and herpes simplex generally present as flu like symptoms to mother but can be devastating to the child.
• What is considered infertility?

  Inability to conceive after one year of trying.
• About how much is the female the only factor for infertility?

  40%.
• About how much is male or male/female combined factors for infertility?

  40%.
• About how much is unexplained infertility?

  20%.
• What is the first step in diagnosis fertility issues?

  Semen analysis.
• What can help achieve pregnancy?

  Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).
• How soon should emergency contraception be used after the incident?

  Within 72 hours.
• Will emergency contraceptives affect an existing pregnancy?

  No.
• What can be placed within 5 days of unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy?

  Copper IUD.
• What are two options for intrauterine devices?

  • Copper IUD that does not include hormones and lasts up to 10 years
  • Mirena is an IUD that uses hormones and can be left in place up to 5 years.
• What are the risks of IUD use?

  Increased risk of pelvic infection, copper IUD can cause heavier menses bleeding, Mirena can result in scant or no bleeding during menses.
• For female sterilization what surgical option is available?

  Tubal ligation.
• Is tubal ligation 100% effective?

  No.
• Is tubal ligation possibly reversible?

  Yes.