General Science

• Science


  Systematized body of knowledge and facts about nature<|>A logical, uniform system of thought
• Six mental skills


  • Observe
  • Infer
  • Measure
  • Classify
  • Experiment
  • Communicate
• Scientific method


  1. Observation

  2. Identifying the problem

  3. Formulating the hypothesis

  4. Experimentation

  5. Conclusion

  6. Formation of law

  7. Continual re-examination
• Deductive reasoning


  Analysis of specific cases using general principles
• Inductive reasoning


  Method of discovering general principles by careful examination of specific cases
• Hypothesis


  Tentative explanation for a phenomenon
• Theory


  A hypothesis that has survived repeated challenges and accumulated substantial report; may be modified or discarded
• Law or principle


  Formal statement of the way in which events occur under given situation; factual and always correct
• Technology


  Application of science
• Atmosphere


  Blanket of air surrounding the earth
• Atmospheric gases


  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Methane
  • Carbon dioxide
• Layers of atmosphere


  • Troposphere
  • Stratosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • Ionosphere
• Ionosphere layers


  • Thermosphere
  • Exosphere
• Hydrology


  The study of earth on and within the earth
• Water in the atmosphere

  • Humidity
  • Dew point
  • Dew
  • Frost
  • Cloud
  • Cumulus
  • Stratus
  • Cirrus
  • Fog
  • Cumulo-nimbus
  • Precipitation
  • Hydrologic cycle
• Air pressure


  Force exerted by air on a given area
• Newton is the unit of force
• Pascal is the unit of pressure
• Pressure


  The amount of force exerted per unit area
• Wind


  • South wind
  • North wind
  • Breeze
  • Sea breeze
  • Monsoon
  • Wind vane
  • Anemometer
  • Weather balloon
• Low pressure area


  Areas with rapidly decreasing pressure indicates an approaching storm
• High pressure area


  This indicates clear skies and a dry condition
• Weather


  The state of the atmosphere with regard to temperature, cloudiness, rainfall, wind, and other meteorological conditions
• Climate


  The average weather or the regular variations in weather in a region over a period of years
• Diastrophism


  The movement of all solid parts of the earth
• Direction of forces and movements they produce

  • Upward forces
  • Downward forces
  • Sideward force
• Effects of diastrophism


  • Folding
  • Faulting
• Causes of diastrophism


  • Continental drift theory
  • Theory of seafloor spreading
  • Plate tectonic theory
• Plate boundaries


  • Spreading or divergent boundary
  • Colliding or convergent boundary
  • Fracture or transform boundary
• Volcanism


  The building up of landforms due to volcanic activities is rapid and process is dramatic
• Classification of volcanoes


  • Quiet
  • Explosive
  • Intermediate
• Earthquakes


  • Tectonic
  • Volcanic
• Earthquake terms


  • Epicentre
  • Tidal wave
  • Intensity
  • Magnitude
  • Richter scale
  • Mercalli scale
  • Seismograph
  • Seismogram
• Kinds of rocks


  • Igneous rocks
  • Sedimentary rocks
  • Metamorphic rocks
• Igneous rocks


  • Lava
  • Igneous intrusive
  • Extrusive igneous rocks
• Sedimentary rocks


  • Fragmental rocks
• Moh's scale of hardness
• Weathering


  The process of breaking down rocks into smaller particles to become soil. A prerequisite of erosion
• Erosion


  The rock masses that crumble are further loosened and transported from one place to another by another natural process
• Ecosystem


  Refers to the environment where living and non-living components exist and interact with each other