Physiology

    Cards (46)

    • Matter
      Atom
    • Mole
      6.022 x 10^23
    • Chemical bonds
      • Ionic bond
      • Non polar covalent bonding
      • Polar covalent bonding
    • Carbon
      Atomic number 6
      Atomic weight 12.011
      Symbol C
      Electron configuration [He]2s^2 2p^2
      Solid at 20°C
      Weakly acidic
    • Sodium atom

      Transfers electron
    • Chlorine atom

      Receives electron
    • Sodium ion
      Positively charged
    • Chloride ion

      Negatively charged
    • Nonpolar covalent bonding

      Electrons spend equal time near each nucleus
    • Polar covalent bond
      Unequal sharing of electrons
    • Chemical reaction
      H + H2O -> H3O+
    • Hydrogen bond
      Formed when hydrogen forms covalent bond with oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine
    • Hydrogen bond
      • Positively charged hydrogen of one water molecule attracted to negatively charged oxygen of another water molecule
    • Water
      Accounts for 50-60% of body weight
      High heat of vaporisation and heat capacity
      Stabilises body temperature
      Provides protection
      Creates surface tension
      Acts as mixing medium/solvent
    • pH
      7 is neutral
      Blood pH range 7.35-7.45
      pH less than 7 is acidic, pH greater than 7 is basic
    • Acid-base reaction
      Acid + Base -> Salt + Water
    • Acid-base reaction

      • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) + Hydrochloric acid (HCl) -> Sodium chloride (NaCl) + Water (H2O)
    • Carbohydrates
      1. 3% of body mass
      Monosaccharides are energy source (glucose, fructose, galactose)
      Structural component of DNA and RNA
    • Monosaccharides
      Glucose, fructose, galactose
    • Disaccharides
      Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
      Maltose (glucose + glucose)
      Lactose (glucose + galactose)
    • Polysaccharides
      Starch, cellulose, glycogen
      Regulate blood glucose levels, store energy
    • Lipids
      18-25% of body mass
      Hydrophobic
      Long-term energy storage
      Structural component of membranes
      Messenger and signalling molecules
    • Triglycerides
      Fats and oils
    • Phospholipids
      Form plasma membranes
      Transmit nerve impulses
    • Steroids
      Regulate normal reproductive function
      Component of cell membranes
    • Cholesterol
      Bile acid, digestion and absorption
    • Proteins
      20% of body mass
      Consist of amino acids
    • Amino acid
      Hydrogen group, amine group, carboxyl group, variable R group
    • The 20 common amino acids
      • Alanine
      • Phenylalanine
      • Lysine
      • Glycine
      • Isoleucine
      • Leucine
      • Proline
      • Tryptophan
      • Tyrosine
      • Aspartic acid
      • Glutamic acid
      • Serine
      • Threonine
      • Cysteine
      • Arginine
      • Valine
      • Histidine
      • Methionine
      • Asparagine
      • Glutamine
    • Primary protein structure
      Sequence of amino acids
    • Secondary protein structure
      Local folding into helices or sheets
    • Tertiary protein structure

      Three-dimensional folding pattern due to side chain interactions
    • Quaternary protein structure
      Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
    • Enzymes
      • Salivary amylase
      • Renin
      • Pepsin
      • Gastric amylase
      • Gastric lipase
      • Trypsin
      • Chymotrypsin
      • Steapsin (pancreatic lipase)
      • Carboxypeptidase
      • Pancreatic amylase
      • Enterokinase
      • Eripsin
      • Maltase
      • Sucrase
      • Lactase
      • Peptidase
    • Nucleic acids
      DNA and RNA
    • DNA
      Deoxyribonucleic acid
    • RNA
      Ribonucleic acid
    • Nitrogenous bases
      Purines (adenine, guanine)
      Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil)
    • Skin structure
      Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
    • Collagen
      Collagen fiber, collagen fibril, collagen molecule
    See similar decks