DNA

• Genetics

  • Study of GENES
  • How traits are passed down from one generation to the next.
  • Different alleles produce variations in inherited characteristics such as hair color or blood type.
• DNA

  • The structure of it is a double helix.
  • Each nucleotide contains: Sugar molecule (deoxyribose), Phosphate group and Nitrogenous base (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine)
• Nucleotide pairs

  • Adenine - Thymine or Uracil
  • Guanine - Cytosine
• Phosphodiester bonds are ester bonds that form between sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of nucleic acids.
• A glycosidic bond exists in the DNA molecule between sugar and nitrogen base.
• DNA - has a phosphate backbone with bases such as adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, while the deoxyribose portion contains pentose sugar. Contains the genetic information of living things.
• Genes - made of sequences of DNA
• Chromosomes - bundles of tightly coiled DNA
• Parts of gene

  • Intron - noncoding part of the gene
  • Exon - coding part of the gene

  
• Gene to Protein

  Transcription > Splicing > Translation
• Chromosomes - thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins.
• In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes.
• Homologous chromosomes - The two chromosomes in each pair meaning they have the same genes at the same locations. One comes from the mother and the other comes from the father

  
• Centromere - a region of a chromosome that plays a crucial role during cell division. It is the point where the two sister chromatids are held together and where the spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis to pull the chromatids apart. It also consists of tightly packed DNA.

  
• Kinetochore - is a complex protein structure that forms at the centromere of a chromosome during cell division. It is essential for the proper segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells.