Mutations

• DNA mutation - can result in altered or non-functional proteins, which can lead to genetic disorders or diseases.

  
• Point mutation - These are changes in a single nucleotide base in the DNA sequence

  • Silent: no change in amino acid sequence.
  • Missense: change in amino acid sequence.
  • Nonsense: change into a stop codon.

  
• Frameshift mutations - a type of genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that alters the reading frame of the gene.

  • Insertion: one or more nucleotides are added to the DNA sequence.
  • Deletion: one or more nucleotides are added to the DNA sequence.