cri177 m4

• psychoanalytic theory(sigmund freud)


  freud proposed that development is influenced by unconscious drives and motives
• five psychosexual stages


  oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital
• cognitive development theory 


  Jean Piaget proposed a stage theory of cognitive development, outlining four stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational)
• behaviorism (john b. watson, B.F. Skinner)


  Behaviorists focused on observable behavior and the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior. Watson emphasized the importance of environment, while Skinner introduced operant conditioning.
• social learning theory (albert bandura)


  Bandura extended behaviorism by incorporating observational learning and modeling. He emphasized the role of cognitive processes, such as attention, memory, and imitation in development
• psychosocial developmental theory (erik erikson)


  Erikson proposed a psychosocial stage theory, outlining eight stages of development. Each stage represents a crisis or challenge that individuals must navigate to achieve healthy development
• attachment theory (john bowlby)


  Bowlby emphasized the significance of early emotional bonds between infants and caregivers. Mary Ainsworth identified attachment patterns (secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-ambivalent) and their impact on later development.
• humanistic theory (abraham maslow, carl rogers)


  Humanistic psychologists focused on self-actualization and the innate goodness of individuals. Maslow introduced a hierarchy of needs, while Rogers emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard.
• cultural historical theory (lev vygotsky)


  he introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD)
• Personality


  The sum total of the typical ways of acting, thinking and feeling that make each person unique
• Personality


  • It is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviour of an individual
  • It originates within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life
• Personality development

  1. Begins at birth

  2. Develops gradually

  3. Infant possesses only the barest rudiments of personality

  4. Potentialities for growth have to be developed through maturation
• Stages of personality formation

  • Primary attachment
  • Family role and identification
  • Entering of a child into social world
  • Adolescent stage
• Primary attachment


  A child gets attached to a person(s) taking adequate care of the child, and starts responding with 'a smile' to whom it is attached
• Family role and identification


  Child understands family interactions and some social norms, and acquires sufficient knowledge to differentiate between father and mother
• Entering of a child into social world


  Child starts adhering to social norms by actively taking part in school life, and imitates and adopts qualities from friends, teachers and others
• Adolescent stage


  Child's personality may show much flexibility, certain traits are set aside and adoption of new traits takes place, bodily and sexual developments occur
• Components of personality

  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego
• Id


  Primitive and instinctual part of the personality, operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of desires and needs, unconscious and impulsive
• Ego


  Rational and reality-oriented part of the personality, develops as a person interacts with the external world and learns to navigate reality, operates on the reality principle, balancing the demands of the id and the constraints of the external environment
• Superego


  Represents the internalized moral and societal standards, incorporates values, norms, and ethical principles learned from caregivers and society, acts as a conscience, influencing behavior by promoting moral and ethical considerations
• Big Five personality traits

  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
• Openness


  Reflects a person's openness to new experiences, imagination, and creativity
• Conscientiousness


  Involves traits related to organization, responsibility, and dependability
• Extraversion


  Describes the degree of sociability, assertiveness, and energy in interpersonal situations
• Agreeableness


  Refers to interpersonal warmth, empathy, and cooperation
• Neuroticism


  Represents emotional stability or instability, including anxiety, moodiness, and emotional reactivity
• Humanistic perspective components


  • Self-concept
  • Self-esteem
  • Identity
• Self-concept


  An individual's perception and beliefs about themselves, including their physical appearance, abilities, values, and roles
• Self-esteem


  The evaluative aspect of the self-concept, reflects the individual's overall judgment of their worth, value, and competence
• Identity


  A person's sense of who they are, including their roles, relationships, and values, an evolving and cohesive sense of self that develops over time
• Earliest theory of personality


  • Four basic elements (air, water, earth, and fire)
  • Four body fluids (blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile)
• Sanguine


  Cheerful, confidently optimistic, and impulsive, caused by an excess of blood
• Melancholic


  Depressed, morose, and pessimistic, caused by an excess of black bile
• Choleric


  Hot-tempered and irritable, due to excess yellow bile
• Phlegmatic


  Slow-moving, calm, and unexcitable, produced by an excess of phlegm
• Body types (Ernst Kretschmer)


  • Asthenic
  • Athletic
  • Pyknic
  • Dysplastic
• Endomorphs with Viscerotonia


  Plump with fatty tissues, round, soft bodies with large abdomens, sociable, fond of food and people, even-tempered, affectionate
• Mesomorphs with Somatotonia


  Lots of muscles, hard, sturdy with strong bones and muscles, love of physical adventure, competitive, assertiveness of behavior
• Ectomorphs with Cerebrotonia

  Bony, thin, fragile with flat chest, love of privacy and secretive, self-conscious, inhibited in movement