module 2

• scientific revolution - the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of soci about nature

  - it is very significant in the development of human beings, transformation of the society, and in the formulation of scientific ideas

  • it explained the emergence during this birth of modern science as a result of these development from the disciplines mentioned.
  • the ideas generated during this period enabled the people to reflect, rethink and re- examine their belief way of life.
• Nicolaus Copernicus - one of the renaissance men, particulary in the field of science

  • knowledge about the nature of the universe had been essentailly unchanged since the great days of ancient greece, some 1,500 years before copernicus came on the scene ( Gribbin, 2003 )
  • the greek ancient philosopher or thinkers - HE DID NOT DO ANYTHING EXTENSIVE SUCH AS OBSERVING HEAVENLY BODIES OR INVINTING PEOPLE TO TEST THIS IDEAS. his ideas were an example of what is presently called as a THOUGHT EXPERIMENT
• charles darwin - changed our concept of the world's creation amd its evolution.

  • johnsom (2012) described darwin as a genius who came from a line of intellectually gifted and wealthy family.
  • he developed his interest in natural history during his time as a student at shrewbury school.
  • he would also spend time taking long walks to observe his surroudings while collecting specimens
• intellectual revolutions that defines society

  • copernican revolution

  copernican heliocentrism

  nicolaus copernicus

  • ( darwin revolution )

  origin of species

  ( charles darwin )
• Nicolaus Copernicus - 1473 - 1543 updated oct 24, 2019 original nov 9 2009

  • was a polish astronomer known as the father of modern astronomy.
  • first modern european scientist to propose that earth and other planets revolve around the sun, pr the heliocentric
  • theory of the universe
  • argured that earth turned daily on its axis and that gardual shifts if this axis accounted for the changing seasons
• nicolaus copernicus: against the ptolemaic system

  • this cosmology of early 16th century europe held that earth sat stationary and motionless at the center of the universe, ptolemy placed the earth at the center of his GEOCENTRIC MODEL
• in second century A.D the alexandrian geographer and astronomer ptolemy sought to resolve this problem by aguring that the sun, planets, and moon move in small circles around much larger circles that revolve around earth
• the ptolemaic system remained europe's accepted cosmology for more that 1,000 years but by copernicus' day accumlated astronimical evidence had thrown some of his theories into confusion.
• astronomers disagreed on the order of the planets from earth, and it was this problems that copernicus addressed at the beginning of the 16th century
• Nicolaus Copernicus died


  May 24, 1543
• Nicolaus Copernicus died


  The year his major work was published
• Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric view of the universe was condemned as heresy by some religious leaders
• Galileo and Johannes Kepler developed and popularized the Copernican theory


  Early 17th century
• Galileo's work resulted in a trial and conviction for heresy
• Isaac Newton's work in celestial mechanics

  Late 17th century
• Acceptance of the Copernican theory spread rapidly in non-Catholic countries
• By the late 18th century, the Copernican view of the solar system was almost universally accepted
• Charles Darwin


  1809 - 1882
• Charles Darwin


  • British naturalist and biologist
  • Known for his theory of evolution
  • Known for his understanding of the process of natural selection
• Darwin embarked on a five-year voyage around the world on the HMS BEAGLE


  1831
• Darwin's studies during the voyage

  1. Studied various plants

  2. Formulated his theories
• Natural specimens collected by Darwin

  • Birds
  • Plants
  • Fossils
• Darwin published his landmark book, ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES


  1859
• Darwin's opportunities during the voyage

  • Closely observed principles of botany, geology and zoology
• Locations of particular interest to Darwin

  • Pacific islands
  • Galapagos archipelago
  • South America
• theory of evolution

  • dec;ared that species survived through a process called "natural selection" that successfully, adapted or evolved to meet the changing requiments of their natural habitat thrived and reproduced
  • species that failed to evolve and reproduce died off through hiss observation and studies of birds, plants, and fossils
• origin of species

  november 24, 1859 he published a detailed explantion of his theory in his best- known work, ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES by MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION

  • DNA studies provided scientific evidence for darwin's theory of evolution however, controvery surrounding its conflict with creationism - the religious view that all nature was born of god - is still found amaong some people today