integ, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, & respiratory

• Integumentary System


  Body covering, includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
• Functions of the Integumentary System


  • Protection
  • Sensation
  • Vitamin D production
  • Temperature regulation
  • Excretion
• Protection

  • Dehydration, UV, microbes
• Sensation


  • Sensory receptors detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, pain
• Vitamin D production


  • Needed in Calcium homeostasis
• Temperature regulation


  • Amount of blood flow & activity of sweat glands
• Excretion


  • Release waste products & through gland secretion
• Major Tissue Layers of the Skin

  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
• Epidermis


  • Layer of stratified squamous epithelium
  • Prevents water loss
  • Resists abrasion
  • Keratinization
  • Forms strata or layers
  • Stratum basale= deepest
  • Stratum corneum= most superficial
  • Callus, corn
• Dermis


  • Layer of dense connective tissue with fibroblast, fat cells, macrophages
  • Collagen & elastic fibers are responsible for most of the structural strength
  • Cleavage or tension lines
  • Dermal papillae
• Incision


  1. Made across cleavage lines can gap, increasing the time needed for healing, and result in increased scar tissue formation

  2. Made parallel to cleavage lines results in less gapping, faster, healing and less scar tissue
• Skin Color

  1. Melanosomes are produced by the Golgi apparatus of the melanocyte

  2. Melanosomes move into melanocyte cell processes

  3. Epithelial cells phagocytize the tips of the melanocyte cell processes

  4. The melanosomes, which were produced inside the melanocytes, have been transferred to epithelial cells and are now inside them
• Integument


  Body covering, includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
• Protection

  • Primary function
  • Prevents escape of water from the body (dehydration)
  • Shields body from the entry of harmful UV rays
  • Protects body from pathogens (harmful diseases)
• The skin is the largest organ of the body
• Sensation


  • Sensory receptors or nerve endings are present in the skin in order for it to feel or receive any kind of stimuli that we are able to sense
• Vitamin D Production


  • Vitamin D is present in the skin
  • Upon exposure to the sun, the precursor of the vitamin D becomes activated
  • Vitamin D helps with Calcium homeostasis in order for the calcium in the bones to become stronger
• Temperature regulation


  • Temperature regulation is possible with the flow of blood
  • Sweating gives a cooling effect
• Excretion

  • To excrete is to eliminate
  • Releases waste products through gland secretion
• Glands

  • Exocrine - sweat glands
  • Endocrine - adrenaline
• Derivatives


  Outgrowths
• UV Rays (Ultraviolet Rays)


  • Harmful rays from the sun
  • Melanosomes help protect
• Healthy unbroken skin

  • First line of defense
  • Barrier of the skin
• Hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)


  Below the skin<|>Foundations where the skin rests
• Epidermis


  • Made up of stratified epithelial squamous
  • Best efficient for protection
  • Thick skin is composed of 5 strata
  • Avascular - no blood vessels
• Dermis


  • Called the "true skin"
  • Contains the majority of the skin's structures
  • Blood vessels are present which regulate the body's temperature
  • A dense collective tissue
• Components of Dermis

  • Artery - Red (carries oxygenated blood)
  • Vein - Blue (carries un-oxygenated blood)
  • Nerves (responsible for sensory receptors)
  • Glands (produces sweat on the sweat glands)
• Keratinization (Epidermis)


  Type of protein that strengthens<|>It keratinizes the cytoplasm which makes it thicker thus it adds protection to the skin which are normally subjected to weight, rough surfaces and friction
• 5 Strata of Epidermis (going to the deepest part)

  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum basale
• Corn (Epidermis)


  Rounded projections on the knuckles
• Components of Dermis

  • Collagen (Scaffolding of the skin)
  • Elastic Fibers (Makes the skin return to its original form)
  • Fibroblasts (Cells that give rise or form the collagenous tissues)
  • Adipocytes (Fat Tissues)
  • Macrophages (White blood cells - Large white blood cells that phagocytes or eat the bacteria that go through the skin - Defense cells)
• Cleavage lines or Tension Lines


  • Formed by the collagen fibers running in different directions
  • Gives grip to the skin
• Dermal papillae (singular: papilla)


  • Found at the dermis of the skin which are projections that extend toward the epidermis which have elevations and depressions
  • It is through this that provides blood and oxygen to the epithelial tissue which creates new cells
  • This forms different patterns for our fingerprints and footprints
• Functions of the Skeletal System

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Blood cell production
• Parts of the Skeletal System

  • Skull / Cranium
  • Clavicle / Collarbone
  • Sternum / Breast Bone
  • Humerus / Upper Arm Bone
  • Ribs
  • Vertebral Column / Spinal Column / Backbone
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Pelvis
  • Femur / Thigh Bone
  • Patella / Kneecap
  • Tibia (Bigger)
  • Fibula (Smaller)
• Support


  • Bones – major supporting tissue of the body; can bear weight due to rigidity & strength
  • Cartilages – provide firm yet flexible support within the nose, external ear, thoracic cage, trachea
  • Ligaments - strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach & hold bone together
• Protection

  • Bones – hard, rigid structure that enclose the organs it surround such as the skull (brain), vertebrae (spinal cord) and rib cage (heart, lungs, other organs of thorax)
• Movement


  • Tendons – strong bands of connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones allow movement of appendages
  • Joint or Articulation - 2 or more bones come together allow movement between bones
  • Ligaments – allow restricted movement between bones
• Storage

  • Calcium & Phosphorus – minerals in the blood that are stored in the bones
  • Adipose Tissue – stored in bone cavities such as yellow bone marrow
• Blood Cell Production


  • Red Bone Marrow – contained at the cavities of the epiphysis (ends of a long bone) produce blood cells & platelets through Hematopoiesis (process of production of blood cells)