respiratory

• Vestibular folds/false vocal cords


  Prevent air from leaving the lungs & prevent food & liquid from entering the larynx
• Vocal folds/true vocal cords


  Primary source of voice production
• Trachea/Windpipe


  Membranous tube supported with 16-20 C-shaped cartilages; Begins immediately inferior to cricoid cartilage; projects through the mediastinum & divides into right & left primary bronchi at the level of T5 vertebra; C-shaped cartilages protect the trachea and maintain an open passage for air
• Main/Primary Bronchi

  Extend from trachea to lungs; lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium & supported by C-shaped cartilages
• Left main bronchus


  More horizontal because it is displaced by heart
• Right main bronchus


  More vertical; foreign objects usually lodge
• Tracheobronchial Tree


  Main/primary bronchi divide into: Lobar/secondary bronchi; Segmental/tertiary bronchi; Bronchioles; Terminal bronchioles; Respiratory bronchioles; Alveolar ducts; Alveoli (air sacs)
• Lungs


  Principal organs of respiration; cone-shaped with base resting on diaphragm & apex extending superiorly 2.5cm above the clavicle
• Right Lung

  With superior, middle & inferior lobes
• Left lung

  With superior & inferior lobes
• Bronchopulmonary segments


  Divides each lobe of the lung; 9 in left lung & 10 in right lung
• Pleura


  Serous membrane lining the lungs
• Parietal pleura


  Lines the walls of the thorax, diaphragm, mediastinum
• Pleural cavity


  Between 2 pleura; filled with a small volume of pleural fluid that acts as lubricant & helps hold the pleural membranes together
• Visceral pleura


  Covers the surface of the lungs
• Respiratory Membrane


  Where gas exchange between the air & blood takes place; Formed by walls of the alveoli and surrounding capillaries; Consists of: alveolar fluid, alveolar epithelium, basement membrane of alveolar epithelium, interstitial space, basement membrane of capillary endothelium, capillary endothelium
• Ventilation or Breathing


  Process of moving air into and out of lungs
• Inspiration/inhalation


  Involves muscles of inspiration which are the diaphragm & muscles that elevate ribs & sternum, e.g. external intercostals
• Expiration/exhalation


  Involves muscles of expiration that depress the ribs & sternum, e.g. internal intercostals
• Ventilation is governed by changes in volume resulting in changes in pressure, and air flows from areas of higher to lower pressure