Endocrine System

• Endocrine system - is a complex network of glands and organs that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes in the body. It relies on chemical messengers called hormones to communicate with target cells and tissues.

  
• Pituitary gland - also known as the "master gland," is located at the base of the brain and is responsible for regulating the activity of other endocrine glands. It produces several hormones, including:

  • Growth hormone (GH): stimulates growth and development in children and adolescents
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): regulates the activity of the thyroid gland
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): regulates the activity of the adrenal glands
  • Prolactin: stimulates milk production in lactating women
• Pineal gland - is located in the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, and is shaped like a pinecone. It is for regulating the body's sleep-wake cycle, also known as the circadian rhythm.

  • Melatonin: It is produced in response to darkness and helps regulate the timing and quality of sleep. It is also involved in regulating other physiological processes, such as body temperature, blood pressure, and immune function.
• Thyroid gland - is located in the neck and produces hormones that regulate metabolism. The two primary thyroid hormones are:

  • Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4): increases metabolic rate and is necessary for growth and development.
• Parathyroid glands - are small glands located in the neck.

  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH): regulates calcium levels in the body.
• Adrenal glands - are located on top of the kidneys and produce several hormones, including:

  • Cortisol: regulates metabolism and helps the body respond to stress
  • Aldosterone: regulates salt and water balance in the body
  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine: help the body respond to stress
  • Epinephrine/Adrenalin: act mainly as a hormone
  • Norepinephrine/noradrenalin: acts as a neurotransmitter
• Pancreas - is a glandular organ located behind the stomach that produces several hormones, including:

  • Insulin: regulates blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by cells
  • Glucagon: raises blood sugar levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen in the liver
• Gonads - produce several hormones that regulate reproductive functions, including:

  • Testosterone: responsible for male sexual development and function. It regulates sex drives, bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of sperm.
  • Estrogen and progesterone: responsible for female sexual development and function. It regulates the uterus and the menstrual cycle.