MMW WEEK10-13

• Binary number system


  The positional numeral system that uses 2 as the base
• Converting decimal numbers to binary numbers

  Write the decimal number

  2. Divide by 2 and record the remainder

  3. Divide the result from step 2 by 2 and record the remainder

  4. Repeat step 3 until the result is 0

  5. The binary number is the remainders in reverse order
• Converting binary numbers to decimal numbers

  Write the binary number

  2. Multiply each digit by the corresponding power of 2 (rightmost digit is 2^0, next is 2^1, etc.)

  3. Add up all the results from step 2
• Converting binary to decimal

  • 1100 = 12

  110011 = 51

  11111 = 31

  1110001 = 113

  1101101 = 109
• Converting decimal to binary

  • 29 = 11101

  34 = 100010

  81 = 1010001

  121 = 1111001

  540 = 1000011100
• Byte


  The basic unit of information in computer storage and processing, consisting of 8 adjacent binary digits (bits)
• Computer arithmetic


  A branch of computer engineering that deals with methods of representing integers and real values in digital systems and efficient algorithms for manipulating such numbers
• Binary addition


  0 + 0 = 0

  0 + 1 = 1

  1 + 0 = 1

  1 + 1 = 10 (carry 1)
• Binary addition examples


  • 1 + 11 = 1010

  1010 + 11 = 100101

  100101 + 10101 = 111010
• Text data


  Consists of documents, which can represent words, sentences or paragraphs of free-flowing text
• Uses of text data

  • Finance: predict assets

  Economics: forecast variation in unemployment, inflation, and uncertainty

  Politics: study influencers, political leanings, and agenda

  Industrial organizations and marketing: consumer decision-making
• Text data has a very high number of dimensions due to the large vocabulary of words
• Sources of text data


  • Library databases

  Social media

  Open sources

  Web scraping

  Language corpora

  Transcription from audio/video data
• Text data mining


  The process of extracting essential data from standard language text
• Error


  A situation that happens when the output data does not equate with the input data, due to noise that alters the binary bits
• Error detection


  The discovery of errors during transit from the transmitter to the receiver
• Error correction


  Discovery of errors and rehabilitation to original, error-free data status
• Error correcting codes


  Distinguish the original message from fraudulent message and diagnose the exact position of the corrupt bit
• Error detecting codes


  Utilized to prevent the data from getting altered during communication by adding redundancy bits or using parity checks
• Commonly used error detection mechanisms


  • Application of Redundancy Bits

  Simple Parity Check

  Two-dimensional Parity Check
• Error detection

  The discovery of errors, which results from noise or other deficiencies, during transit from the transmitter to the receiver
• Binary number system


  The positional numeral system that uses 2 as the base
• Converting decimal numbers to binary numbers

  Write the decimal number

  2. Divide by 2 and record the remainder

  3. Divide the result from step 2 by 2 and record the remainder

  4. Repeat step 3 until the result is 0

  5. The binary number is the remainders in reverse order
• Converting binary numbers to decimal numbers

  Write the binary number

  2. Multiply each digit by the corresponding power of 2 (rightmost digit is 2^0, next is 2^1, etc.)

  3. Add up all the results from step 2
• Converting binary to decimal

  • 1100 = 12

  110011 = 51

  11111 = 31

  1110001 = 113

  1101101 = 109
• Converting decimal to binary

  • 29 = 11101

  34 = 100010

  81 = 1010001

  121 = 1111001

  540 = 1000011100
• Byte


  The basic unit of information in computer storage and processing, consisting of 8 adjacent binary digits (bits)
• Computer arithmetic


  A branch of computer engineering that deals with methods of representing integers and real values in digital systems and efficient algorithms for manipulating such numbers
• Binary addition


  0 + 0 = 0

  0 + 1 = 1

  1 + 0 = 1

  1 + 1 = 10 (carry 1)
• Binary addition examples


  • 1 + 11 = 1010

  1010 + 11 = 100101

  100101 + 10101 = 111010
• Text data


  Consists of documents, which can represent words, sentences or paragraphs of free-flowing text
• Uses of text data

  • Finance: predict assets

  Economics: forecast variation in unemployment, inflation, and uncertainty

  Politics: study influencers, political leanings, and agenda

  Industrial organizations and marketing: consumer decision-making
• Text data has a very high number of dimensions due to the large vocabulary of words
• Sources of text data


  • Library databases

  Social media

  Open sources

  Web scraping

  Language corpora

  Transcription from audio/video data
• Text data mining


  The process of extracting essential data from standard language text
• Error


  A situation that happens when the output data does not equate with the input data, due to noise that alters the binary bits
• Error detection


  The discovery of errors during transit from the transmitter to the receiver
• Error correction


  Discovery of errors and rehabilitation to original, error-free data status
• Error correcting codes


  Distinguish the original message from fraudulent message and diagnose the exact position of the corrupt bit
• Error detecting codes


  Utilized to prevent the data from getting altered during communication by adding redundancy bits or using parity checks