MMW

• Binary number system


  The positional numeral system that uses 2 as the base
• Converting decimal numbers to binary numbers

  Write the decimal number

  2. Divide by 2 and record the remainder

  3. Divide the result from step 2 by 2 and record the remainder

  4. Repeat step 3 until the result is 0

  5. The binary number is the remainders in reverse order
• Converting binary numbers to decimal numbers

  Write the binary number

  2. Multiply each digit by the corresponding power of 2 (rightmost digit is 2^0, next is 2^1, etc.)

  3. Add up all the results from step 2
• Converting binary to decimal

  • 1100 = 12

  110011 = 51

  11111 = 31

  1110001 = 113

  1101101 = 109
• Converting decimal to binary

  • 29 = 11101

  34 = 100010

  81 = 1010001

  121 = 1111001

  540 = 1000011100
• Byte


  The basic unit of information in computer storage and processing, consisting of 8 adjacent binary digits (bits)
• Computer arithmetic


  A branch of computer engineering that deals with methods of representing integers and real values in digital systems and efficient algorithms for manipulating such numbers
• Binary addition


  0 + 0 = 0

  0 + 1 = 1

  1 + 0 = 1

  1 + 1 = 10 (carry 1)
• Binary addition examples


  • 1 + 11 = 1010

  1010 + 11 = 100101

  100101 + 10101 = 111010
• Text data


  Consists of documents, which can represent words, sentences or paragraphs of free-flowing text
• Uses of text data

  • Finance: predict assets

  Economics: forecast variation in unemployment, inflation, and uncertainty

  Politics: study influencers, political leanings, and agenda

  Industrial organizations and marketing: consumer decision-making
• Text data has a very high number of dimensions due to the large vocabulary of words
• Sources of text data


  • Library databases

  Social media

  Open sources

  Web scraping

  Language corpora

  Transcription from audio/video data
• Text data mining


  The process of extracting essential data from standard language text
• Error


  A situation that happens when the output data does not equate with the input data, due to noise that alters the binary bits
• Error detection


  The discovery of errors during transit from the transmitter to the receiver
• Error correction


  Discovery of errors and rehabilitation to original, error-free data status
• Error correcting codes


  Distinguish the original message from fraudulent message and diagnose the exact position of the corrupt bit
• Error detecting codes


  Utilized to prevent the data from getting altered during communication by adding redundancy bits or using parity checks
• Commonly used error detection mechanisms


  • Application of Redundancy Bits

  Simple Parity Check

  Two-dimensional Parity Check
• Error detection


  The discovery of errors, which results from noise or other deficiencies, during transit from the transmitter to the receiver
• Sell stocks


  Selling 40% of her income to interested entrepreneurs through stocks
• Eunice opened a new branch


  Provides 700,000 pesos annual income
• Eunice decided to open other branches

  Andy came and wanted to be part of the company
• Bond


  A contract where Eunice commits to repay Andy on a monthly basis until the maturity date of 10 years, with an annual interest of 50,000 pesos
• Requirements to own land/real estate in the Philippines

  • Acquired before the 1935 Philippine Constitution
  • Acquired by reason of succession or inheritance (parent/s was/were Filipino citizens at the time of their death)
  • Purchase of not more than 40% interest in a condominium project
  • Former natural-born Filipinos can own land in the Philippines, subject to limitations prescribed by Philippine Republic Act 8179 and Batas Pambansa 185
  • Filipinos who are married to aliens who retain their Filipino citizenship, unless by their act or omission they have renounced their Filipino citizenship
• Requirements for Pag-IBIG housing loan

  • Active member with at least 24 months savings
  • Not more than 65 years old at the date of loan application and is not more than 70 years old at the date of loan maturity
  • Legal capacity to acquire and encumber real property
  • No Pag-IBIG housing loan foreclosed, cancelled, bought back, or voluntarily surrendered
  • If with existing Pag-IBIG Housing account or Short-Term Loan (STL), payments must be updated
• Solving for 8-year loan compounded annually at 7% for 20,000 pesos


  Calculate the total amount to be paid
• Solving for 6-year loan at 4% compounded monthly for 80,000 pesos

  Calculate the total amount to be paid
• When analysing markets, a range of assumptions are made about the rationality of economic agents involved in the transactions
• The Wealth of Nations was written

  1776
• Rational


  (in classical economic theory) economic agents are able to consider the outcome of their choices and recognise the net benefits of each one
• Producers act rationally by


  Selling goods/services in a way that maximises their profits
• Workers act rationally by


  Balancing welfare at work with consideration of both pay and benefits
• Governments act rationally by


  Placing the interests of the people they serve first in order to maximise their welfare
• Rationality in classical economic theory is a flawed assumption as people usually don't act rationally
• Marginal utility


  The additional utility (satisfaction) gained from the consumption of an additional product
• If you add up marginal utility for each unit you get total utility
• Linear inequalities and linear programming are used to find the best value that can be attained under given conditions
• Linear inequality symbols


  > (greater than)<|>< (less than)<|>≥ (greater than or equal to)<|>≤ (less than or equal to)