Plants and Metabolism

• Botany - study of plants
• Dermal tissue/epidermis

  • skin of the plant
  • generally a single layer that covers ad protect the young part of the plant
  • such as cuticle in leaves, root hairs in roots
• Vascular tissue - vessels that transport material throughout the plant body
• Xylem - dead cells that carry water and dissolved nutrients from the soil
• Phloem - dead cells that carry food from the leaves
• Ground tissue - occupy spaces between dermal & vascular. Responsible for photosynthesis, storage, and support
• Parenchyma - living cell with thin walls; performs photosynthesis and respiration
• Collenchyma - living cells with unevenly thick walls; provides structure and support. Such as bark and wood
• Roots - The part of a plant that absorbs water and minerals from the soil.
• Stems

  • alternating segments of nodes (the points where leaves are attached) and internodes (segments between nodes).
  • supports the plant and contains the vessels that transport materials throughout the plant
• Stolons/runners - grows on the surface of the ground
• Rhizomes - horizontal stems that grow underground
• Tubers - swollen ends of rhizomes specialized for storing food
• Bulbs - vertical, underground shoots consisting mostly of swollen leaf bases that store food
• Leaves - main photosynthesis, consists of flattened blade and a petiole. Stalk that joins the leaf to a node of the stem
• Reproductive organ - structures of plans used for procreation.

  • Seedless plants produce spores
  • Gymnosperms have cones that carries the seeds
  • Angiosperms have flowers that pollinates and become fruits
• Stamen - the male part of a flower, consisting of a filament, an anther, and a pollen-producing stigma
• pollen grains - sperm cells of the male gametophyte
• anthers - hold and release the pollen grains
• filament - stalk that holds the anther
• Carpel/Pistil - The female reproductive part of a flower.
• Stigma - pollen can attach and enter the carpel
• Style - tube that connects the stigma to ovary
• Ovary - ovules/sex cells are produced
• Petals - usually colorful to attract pollinators. Collectively knows as the corolla
• Sepals: leaf-like structures that protect the flower bud. Collectively known as the calyx
• Perfect flowers - contain both stamen and carpel, and are found in dicots.
• Imperfect flowers - only contain either a stamen or carpel
• Complete flowers - have all the parts of the flower (stamen, carpel, corolla, and calyx)
• Incomplete flowers - lack any of the parts of a flower
• Pollination - transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.
• Self-pollination: pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower
• Cross-pollination: pollen from one flower is transferred to another flower of the same species
• Fertilization - sperm from the pollen reaches the ovules inside the ovary. Once fertilized, develop into a fruit and its ovule becomes a seed
• Apical Meristems - responsible for growth of height and length of plants (shoot and root)
• Lateral meristem - growth in width or girth of plants; includes vascular and cork cambium
• Intercalary meristem - derived from the apical meristem but continues dividing at some distance away from it. May be intercalated between tissues more/less mature. (Ex. grass)
• Photosynthesis

  • process of conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
  • light is used to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce food in the form of glucose, releasing oxygen as a by-product
  • used by plants, algae, and some prokaryotes
• Outer & Inner membrane - surround and protect the stroma

  
• Intermembrane space - between them which gives the appearance of a 3-layered envelope