Human Body

• Anatomy - study of structure of an organism and its parts
• Physiology - the study of the functions of the body and its parts.
• Epithelial tissue - made up of sheets of cells that line the body cavities and cover the outside of the body
• Connective tissue - made up of cells, fibers and extracellular matrix that bind, anchor, and support body parts and organs.
• Nervous tissue - perceives internal and external stimuli and transmits these to produce reactions. Its basic unit is called neuron (nerve cell)
• Muscle tissue - produce bodily motion. MAde up of actin and myosin filaments that have contractile properties
• Circulatory system - pumping and channeling of blood to and from the heart and rest of the body
• Cardiovascular system - network of organs that allow the circulation of blood throughout the body
• Heart - pumps blood (left and right atrium, left and right ventricle)
• Blood vessels - transport substances around the body, maintaining a constant temperature and pressure
• Arteries - thick walls that carry blood away from the heart. The largest is the aorta, the main blood conduit from the heart to the rest of the body.
• Veins - thin walls and carry blood back to the heart
• Capillaries - tiny tubes connecting arteries and veins where exchange between cells occurs
• Blood

  • Fluid that delivers materials to and away from the body's cells.
  • Produced in the bone marrow.
  • Composed of plasma.
• Red blood cells (RBC) - contains hemoglobin that carry oxygen
• White blood cells (WBC) - defend against infection by engulfing bacteria or viruses
• Platelets - involved with clotting
• System circuit - flow of blood between the heart and whole body
• Pulmonary Circuit - flow of blood between heart and lungs
• Lymphatic system

  • a network of vessels that transports lymph from the tissues to the blood
  • fluid containing white blood cells
  • part of the immune system
  • maintain fluid balance in the body
• Digestive System - mechanical and chemical digestion of food

  • Food enters the mouth and undergoes mechanical digestion.
• Salivary glands - produce amylase to digest starch into simple sugars.
• Food bolus travels down the esophagus through the wave-like contractions called "peristalsis"
• Bolus reaches the stomach and contains gastric juices composed of hydrochloric acid & proteases
• Liver - produces bile, which is necessary for breaking down fat globules.
• Gall bladder - stores & releases bile into the small intestine
• Pancreas - secretes pancreatic juice that enzymes such as protease break down proteins, amylase breaks down polysaccharides, and lipase breaks down lipids and releases them to the small intestine.
• Small Intestine - main site of digestion and absorption of nutrients.
• Villi - absorption is maximized with the help of the finger-like structures in the lumen
• large intestine (colon) - reabsorbing water and making compact the useless and indigestible components of previously ingested food, forming feces. Feces is then temporarily stored in the rectum and goes out of the body through the anus
• Respiratory system - breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide
• Inhilation - your diaphragm contracts and moves downward. This increases the space in your chest cavity, and your lungs expand into it.
• Exhilation - the diaphragm relaxes, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, while the pressure within it increases. As a result, the lungs contract and air is forced out.
• Urine/Excretory system - removes metabolic and liquid toxic wastes as well as excess water from the body
• Kidneys - pair of bean-shaped organs that contain nephrons, filter the blood and produce urine.
• Ureters - urine containing wastes & excess water goes down here
• Urinary bladder - collection on the muscular sacs
• Urethra - bladder relaxes to release urine here
• Expulsion of metabolic wastes and toxins: large intestines for expulsion of solid wastes
• Skin for the release of sweat