Cells and Prokaryotic

• Eukaryotes


  Cells with a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Prokaryotes


  Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Cell membrane


  • Boundary that allows things into and out of the cell
• Nucleus


  • Central organelle that contains the genetic material (DNA)
• Organelles


  Special structures that perform vital functions necessary to the cell
• Eukaryotic cells

  • Have a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Eukaryotic organisms

  • Animals
  • Plants
  • Protists (like paramecium and amoeba)
  • Fungi
• Prokaryotic cells


  • DNA is not found in a nucleus and organelles are absent (except ribosomes)
• Prokaryotic organisms

  • Bacteria
• Prokaryotic cells

  • Don't have a nucleus, instead, the DNA is located in the nucleoid
• Prokaryotic cells

  • Unicellular organisms like bacteria and filamentous (strings of single cells)
• Prokaryotic cells


  • Structurally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells (10-100 microns in size)
• Prokaryotic cells


  • Most ancient and abundant types of cells
• Prokaryotic cells


  • Live in extreme habitats
• Taxonomic domains of prokaryotic cells

  • Bacteria
  • Archaea - Live in extreme habits
• Bacteria


  • Extremely small - 1-1.5 μm wide and 2-6 μm long
• Bacterial shapes

  • Coccus - spherical
  • Bacillus - rod-shaped
  • Spirillum (rigid) or Spirochete (flexible) - spiral
• Cell theory


  All living things are made of one or more cells<|>Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things<|>All cells come from pre-existing cells
• Characteristics of all cells

  • A surrounding membrane
  • Cytoplasm - cell contents in thick fluid
  • Organelles - structures for cell function
  • Control center with DNA
• Prokaryotic cell structure/parts

  • Ribosomes
  • Cell wall
  • Capsule
  • nucleoid
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • flagellum
  • Pilus
• Plasma membrane


  Delicate inner skin, lipid bilayer that serves as a semi-permeable barrier between the cell's interior and the external environment, controls the passage of molecules
• Cytoplasm


  Gel-like substance filling the cell, containing various structures and enzymes necessary for metabolic reactions, where many cellular processes occur
• Nucleoid


  Where the single, circular chromosome (DNA) is found, controls the cell's activities and replication
• Capsule composed of polysaccharide, protective outer layer, helps the bacterium evade the immune system and aids in adherence to surfaces

• Cell wall


  • Rigid outer layer composed of peptidoglycan, provides structural support and protection, helps maintain the cell's shape and prevent bursting
• Flagella


  Whip-like appendages that protrude from the cell surface, enable bacterial movement for swimming
• Pili/Pilus


  Hair-like structures on the cell's surface, responsible for attachment to surfaces, other cells, or the transfer of genetic material during conjugation
• Plasmid


  Small, circular pieces of DNA separate from the main chromosome, can carry extra genetic information
• Ribosomes


  For building proteins, usually in the size of 70S (Svedberg unit), translate the genetic code from DNA into proteins
• Prokaryotic lifestyle


  • Unicellular - all alone
  • Colony forms a film
  • Filamentous forms - chain of cells
• Prokaryotic feeding

  • Photosynthetic - energy from sunlight
  • Disease-causing - feed on living things
  • Decomposers - feed on dead things
• What's cell part in no. 1-9

  
  

  Plasmid, Cytoplasm, Pilus, Nucleoid, Flagellum, Capsule, Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Ribosome