Eukaryotes

• Eukaryotic cells

  Have a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Eukaryotic organisms

  • Animals
  • Plants
  • Protists (like paramecium and amoeba)
  • Fungi
• Eukaryotic cells


  • Have chromosomes
  • Can be multicellular and unicellular
  • The whole cell can be specialized for one job
  • Numerous membrane-bound organelles
  • Several rod-shaped chromosomes
• Kingdoms

  • Kingdom Protista
  • Kingdom Fungi
  • Kingdom Animalia
  • Kingdom Plantae
• Three main parts of the eukaryotic cell

  • Cell Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
• Phospholipid bilayer


  The polar groups of each molecular layer were directed outward toward the aqueous environment. Phosphate is the head and lipid is the tail.
• Cell membrane


  • Compartmentalization
  • Scaffold for biochemical activities
  • Providing a selectively permeable barrier
  • Transporting solutes
• Cytoplasm


  A semifluid portion of the cell in which organelles and inclusions are suspended and solutes are dissolved
• Parts of the nucleus

  • Nuclear envelope
  • Chromatin
  • Nucleolus
• Chromatin


  A mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes
• Nucleolus


  Inside nucleus, location of ribosome factory, made of RNA
• Mitochondrion


  Makes the cell's energy, generates ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration
• Ribosomes


  Build proteins from amino acids in cytoplasm, may be free-floating or attached to the ER
• Parts of the endoplasmic reticulum

  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

  Builds lipids and carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and other potentially harmful substances
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum

  Stores proteins made by attached ribosomes, synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids
• Golgi complex


  Takes in sacs of raw material from ER, sends out sacs containing finished cell products, modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins
• Lysosomes


  Sacs filled with digestive enzymes, digest substances that enter a cell via endocytosis and worn out cell parts
• Vacuole


  A membrane-bound organelle in which water, nutrients, and waste materials are stored, for storage, maintenance of turgor pressure, regulation of internal pH
• Centrioles


  Pair of bundled tubes that organize cell division, the pericentriolar material contains tubulins that build microtubules
• Cytoskeleton


  Made of microtubules, found throughout cytoplasm, gives shape to cell & moves organelles around inside
• Peroxisome


  Organelles that sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling
• Cell wall


  Very strong and rigid, composed of cellulose, protects cell from rupturing, glued to other cells next door
• Large vacuole


  Huge water-filled sac that keeps the cell pressurized and stores starch
• Chloroplasts

  Filled with chlorophyll, turn solar energy into food energy
• Plasmodesmata


  Co-axial membranous channels that cross walls of adjacent plant cells, linking the cytoplasm, plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cells and allowing direct cytoplasmic cell-to-cell communication
• Differences between animal and plant cells

  • Centrioles (present in animal cells, absent in plant cells)
  • Cell wall (present in plant cells, absent in animal cells)
  • Chloroplasts (present in plant cells, absent in animal cells)
  • Large vacuole (present in plant cells, smaller in animal cells)
• Eukaryotic cells

  • Can specialize
  • Can be multicellular
• Advantages of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

  • Prokaryotes: simple and easy to grow, fast reproduction
  • Eukaryotes: can specialize, can build large bodies
• Specialized eukaryotic cells

  • Liver cell (specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen)
  • Mesophyll cell (specialized to capture as much light as possible)
• Pseudopods


  Extensions of cell membrane, means "fake feet", example: amoeba
• Flagellum/Flagella


  Large whiplike tail that pushes or pulls cell through water, can be single or a pair
• Cilia


  Fine, hairlike extensions attached to cell membrane that beat in unison
• Endosymbiont theory


  A prokaryote ancestor "eats" a smaller prokaryote, the smaller prokaryotes evolve into organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria
• A function of cell membrane where as membranes provide the cell with an extensive framework or scaffolding in which components can be ordered for effective interaction

  Scaffold for Biochemical activities
• Phospholipid bilayer forms the basic structure of the plasma membrane.
• Transporting solutes


  The membrane's transport machinery allows a cell to accumulate substances necessary to fuel its metabolism and build macromolecules
• Membrane transport machinery


  • Can transport specific ions, thereby establishing ionic gradients across itself
  • This capability is especially critical for nerve and muscle cells
• Cytoplasm


  A semifluid portion of the cell in which organelles and inclusions are suspended and solutes are dissolved
• Advantages of each kind of cell

  • PROKARYOTES:
  • Simple and easy to grow
  • Fast reproduction
  • All the same
  • EUKARYOTES:
  • Can specialize
  • Multicellularity
  • Can build large bodies