Chapter 16 psychology

• Deinstitutionalization


  Closing of large state-run mental institutions and moving care to community-based settings
• Mental illness in the past

  Believed to be caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, or an angry god
• Treatment for mental illness in medieval times

  1. Exorcism

  2. Trephining (making a hole in the skull to release spirits)
• Asylums


  The first institutions created for the purpose of housing people with psychological disorders, but the focus was ostracizing them from society rather than treating their disorders
• Psychotherapy


  Psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth
• Biomedical therapy


  Involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
• Philippe Pinel


  • Argued for more humane treatment of people with mental illness, suggesting they be unchained and talked to
  • Patients benefited from this more humane treatment, and many were able to leave the hospital
• Dorothea Dix


  • Led reform efforts for mental health care in the United States, investigating how those who are mentally ill and poor were cared for and discovering an underfunded and unregulated system that perpetuated abuse
  • Her efforts led to the creation of the first mental asylums in the United States
• Psychoanalysis


  • Developed by Sigmund Freud, was the first form of psychotherapy and the dominant technique in the early 20th century
  • Belief that most psychological problems are the result of repressed impulses and trauma experienced in childhood
  • Patient lies on a couch speaking of dreams or childhood memories, and the therapist uses free association and dream analysis
• Transference


  The patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient's other relationships to the psychoanalyst
• Psychodynamic perspective


  Expanded upon Freud's psychoanalytical perspective, remains centered on the role of people's internal drives and forces, but treatment is less intensive than Freud's original model
• Play therapy


  Therapeutic process of play used to help clients prevent or resolve psychosocial difficulties and achieve optimal growth, often used with children
• Behavior therapy


  Employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, rather than digging deeply into one's unconscious
• Classical conditioning techniques in behavior therapy

  Therapists believe dysfunctional behaviors are conditioned responses, and seek to recondition their clients to change their behavior
• Counterconditioning


  Client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior
• Aversive conditioning


  Uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior, such as applying an unpleasant taste or mild electric shock when engaging in the behavior
• Exposure therapy


  Client is repeatedly exposed to the stimulus that elicits an undesirable behavior, until the response is extinguished
• Antabuse


  Chemically based substance used in treatment of alcoholism<|>When consumed with alcohol, causes unpleasant side effects
• Psychosis


  A common diagnosis of individuals in mental hospitals, often evidenced by symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, indicating a loss of contact with reality
• Token economy


  Controlled setting where individuals are reinforced for desirable behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for items/privileges
• Cognitive therapy


  Form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person's thoughts lead to feelings of distress<|>Helps clients change dysfunctional thoughts to relieve distress
• Cognitive distortions


  Overgeneralization, all-or-nothing thinking, jumping to conclusions
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)


  Helps clients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior<|>Aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors
• ABC model in CBT

  A - Action/Activating event, B - Belief about the event, C - Consequences of this belief
• Psychotherapy


  Humanistic therapy
• Humanistic therapy


  • Focuses on helping people achieve their potential
  • Helps people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves
  • Focuses on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts
  • Emphasizes the patient's present and future, as opposed to exploring the patient's past
• Rogerian therapy


  Also known as client-centered therapy<|>Therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person to identify conflicts and understand feelings
• Client-centered therapy


  • Therapist uses active listening to acknowledge, restate, and clarify what the client expresses
  • Therapist practices unconditional positive regard, which involves not judging clients and simply accepting them for who they are
  • Therapist demonstrates genuineness, empathy, and acceptance toward their clients
• Biomedical therapy


  Biologically based treatments or psychotropic medications used to treat mental disorders
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)


  Uses an electrical current to induce seizures to help alleviate the effects of severe depression
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)


  Procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve depression symptoms
• Evidence-based practice


  Clinical decisions based on research to determine which treatment methodologies are effective
• Involuntary treatment


  Therapy that is not the individual's choice
• Voluntary treatment


  The person chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from symptoms