16.3-16.5

• Intake


  The therapist's first meeting with the client to assess their clinical needs, such as the presenting problem, the client's support system, and insurance status
• Confidentiality


  The therapist cannot disclose confidential communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so
• Individual therapy


  The client and clinician meet one-on-one, usually 45 minutes to 1 hour, weekly or every other week, in a confidential and caring environment
• Group therapy


  A clinician meets together with several clients with similar problems
• Group therapy


  Usually 5–10 people meet with a trained therapist to discuss a common issue such as divorce, grief, an eating disorder, substance abuse, or anger management
• Addiction


  A chronic disease that permanently alters the neural structure in the prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain associated with decision-making and judgment
• Goal of substance-related treatment

  To help a person with an addiction stop compulsive drug-seeking behaviors
• Psycho-educational groups


  Groups that have a strong educational component
• Substance-related treatment


  • Includes behavioral therapy and/or medication, depending on the individual
  • Considered much more cost-effective than incarceration or not treating those with addictions
• Psycho-educational groups for children

  • Discuss what cancer is, types of treatment, side effects like hair loss
  • Focus on test anxiety, social isolation, self-esteem, bullying, or school failure
• Effective substance-related treatment


  • Requires a duration of at least 3 months
  • Addresses psychological, physiological, behavioral, and social aspects of abuse
  • Uses behavior therapy to motivate participation and teach strategies for dealing with cravings and preventing relapse
  • Addresses multiple needs beyond just the drug addiction, such as communication, stress management, relationships, parenting, vocational concerns, and legal concerns
• Group therapy for children

  Led by a school counselor, school psychologist, or school social worker<|>Held in school or in a clinician's office
• Group session


  1. Entire group reflects on an individual's problem or difficulties

  2. Others disclose what they have done in that situation

  3. Clinician ensures everyone benefits and participates, no one person is the focus
• Comorbid disorders


  When an individual has two or more diagnoses, such as a substance-related diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis like depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia
• Best treatment for comorbidity

  Address both (or multiple) disorders simultaneously, using behavior therapies and psychotropic medications along with psychotherapy
• Couples therapy


  Involves two people in an intimate relationship who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them
• Family therapy


  A special form of group therapy, consisting of one or more families
• Structural family therapy


  Therapist examines and discusses the boundaries and structure of the family: who makes the rules, who sleeps in the bed, how decisions are made, what are the boundaries
• Strategic family therapy


  Goal is to address specific problems within the family that can be dealt with in a relatively short amount of time<|>Therapist guides what happens in the therapy session and designs a detailed approach to resolving each member's problem
• Sociocultural model


  Looks at a person, their behaviors, and their symptoms in the context of their culture and background
• Multicultural counseling and therapy


  Offers a helping role and process that uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of clients<|>Recognizes client identities to include individual, group, and universal dimensions<|>Advocates the use of universal and culture-specific strategies and roles in the healing process<|>Balances the importance of individualism and collectivism in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of client and client systems
• A counselor whose treatment focuses on individual decision making

  May be ineffective at helping a Chinese client with a collectivist approach to problem solving