Civil rights

• Civil rights movement main ideas covered

  • Brown vs Board of education 1954
  • Montgomery Bus Boycott - Rosa Parks 1955-56
  • Little rock Arkansas 1957
  • Civil Rights Acts 1957-1960
• Brown vs Board of education 54

  • 13th Amendment
  • Ended slavery (Dec 1865)
  • End slavery civil war 
  • Civil war Southern states (Confederate states of America)
  • Pro-Slavery (CSOA)
• • 14th Amendment
  • Equal protection under law for all citizens (Jul 1868)
  • Separate but equal
  • 15th Amendment
  • Right to vote to all citizens irrespective of race, colour or previous servitude (Mar 1870)
  • Civil War → Reconstruction
  • Segregation 1896 (Plessy vs Ferguson)
• Jim Crow Laws

  • Show where white people with theatrical makeup (black) portray black person
  • Law enforced racial segregation in the South
  • End reconstruction 1877 - civil rights movement

  Examples)

  • Florida - Separate schools for black and white
  • Georgia - white person w restaurant → only serve white (vice versa)
  • Arizona - White and black marriage null and void (not legal)
• Oliver Brown - May 1954

  • Who
  • Brown (church minister)
  • Thurgood Marshall and NAACP (National Association for Advancement of Coloured People)
  • Why
  • Daughter had to walk far to a black school even though had white school near
• Results and significance

  1. Triumph for the NAACP

  2. No date for integration given

  3. White Citizens Councils created

  4. Variance in compliance

  5. Southern Manifesto signed by Southern Congressmen to fight integration
• Montgomery Bus Boycott

  • 1956
  • Context
  • 1909 - NAACP founded
  • Jun 1953 - Black Americans in Louisiana boycott segregated buses
  • Nov 1956 - Supreme Court affirms bus segregation unconstitutional
• Bus Boycott

  • Dec 1955
  • Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white person even though she sat on the black side
  • 17,000 African Americans supported the boycott
  • Lasted for 1 year
  • Martin Luther King also part of it
  • Grand Jury indicted 89 leaders of boycott because there was no ‘just cause’
• 13 Nov 1956

  • Supreme Court decision that segregation was unjust

  21 Dec 1956

  • End of Boycott
• Buses

  • Black Americans were the main passengers
  • For 1 year, they did not use buses - bad for company
  • MIA organised carpools
• Malcolm X

  • Believed non-violence was not getting results
  • Joined Nation of Islam in 1952
  • Became key leader of this pro- black American group
  • Told followers to defend themselves ‘by any means necessary’
• MLK

  • Espoused ideas on non-violence e civil disobedience
  • Key leader in Montgomery BUS Boycott, march on Washington,
  • Birmingham and Selma
  • 1968 - Assassinated
  • Malcolm X also killed earlier 1965 (both 39)
• Malcolm X contribution

  • His ideas influenced new organisations
  • Changed convod focused on socio- economic issues
  • Became a role model for young poor Black Americans.
  • Made violence a threatening e legit amate measure to force changes
• Tragedies Malcolm X faced

  • Father died when he was 6
  • Believed was a victim of white racist group.
  • Mother institutionalised by end of 19305
  • Became ward of court raised by white guardian
• NOI

  • He joined Nation of Islam (NOI) while serving in prison in Massachusetts on burglary charges.
  • 1952 - Chicago, became minister
  • Late 1950s, became NOI'S leading spokesman.
  • The Goal of NOI Was to establish an independent African American society.
• Why Violence:

  1. Series of ghetto riots 1960s(violent). 2) Nos appedled for socio-economic change rather legal political change

  3) SNCC and CORE started to appeal to black power

  4) MLK's approach appealed to black liberal middle classes

  5) SCLC and NAACP too conservative & Christian

  6) Did not cater needs or understand lives of poorer urban black Americans
• Why riots (violent disturbance of peace by a crowd)

  1. Police discrimination - racism and violence used by police

  2) Twice as likely to be unemployed

  3) More than 2x as likely to be poor.

  4) Poor quality education
• Growth of increased support for Black Power movement

  Slow progress

  • Non- violent direct action and legislation have gone as far as they could
  • CR & voting k didn't Solve probs in deep South
• Growth of increased support for Black Power movement

  Anger at continuing problems

  • Discrimination in work, education all over USA
  • Ghetto conditions worsening and being ignored.
• Growth in support

  Shift in protest issues

  • CR campaigners (King included ) focus poverty → employment
• Growth in support

  Pride and self- belief

  • Black Panther  told Black Amer to demand equality
  • To be proud of race, roots, defend violence

  RESULTS

  • Black P got results on local issues.
• Black Power - Stokely Carmichael, SNCC (1966)

  • Ideology
  • Formed to give younger African American voice in CRM
  • Played large part in Freedom Rides & manches
  • Directed much of black voter registration drives in the South.
• • 1966 - Stokely Carmichael elected head of SNCC, popularised "black power", new tactics & goals
  • Self reliance, use of violence as legit self defence
  • Drew attention to those suffering in inner cities
  • As CORE & SNCC became more radical, lost many anginal fills.
• Black Power organisations

  • Nation of Islam
  • SNCC ( & CORE) (radicalised → Started non-violence, moved to Black Power)
  • Black Panthers
• Black Panther (PART of Black Power)

  • 1966
  • One of largest Black Power groups
  • Founded in the wake of assassination of Malcolm X, - & after police in San Francisco shot and killed an unarmed black teen (Matthew Johnson)
  • Set up in California oct 1966 by Huey P. Newton & Bobby Seale
  • Believed white officials l police were not supporting black community
  • Followed police cars in ghettos, openly displaying weapons, in order to expose police brutality
• 10 - point program called for immediate end to police brutality

  • Employment for Black Amer
  • Land
  • Justice for all
• What they did:

  • Patrolled streets in black communities to keep them safe
  • Controlled traffic around schools with no pedestrian cocongs
  • Pressed local white gou aftlls to provide
  • Aid for ghetto communities
  • Ran courses on black history citizens rights
  • Had guns for self defence
  • Organised med clinics & provided free shoes for poor black people
• Impact of rise of Black Power:

  • More protection (patrolled streets, traffic around schools, had guns)
  • 10 Point program established
  • Support lower class (med clinics, shoes, edu on black history)
• Impact of rise in black power:

  • CRA bt in many ways the "end" of the CRM
  • Legal, all-encompassing change
  • Not all laws fulfilled the goals of CR activists
  • Next → How these laws were tested in the court.
• Test of CRA 1964

  Heart of Atlanta Motel case

  • Determined whether the act would allow Aturan Aver to access public accommodations or fallen bc of racism
  • In South, African Amer forced to steep in automobiles
  • Heart Atlanta refused to rent rooms to African Americans 

  RESULT:

  • Added congress to enforce case
  • Emphasised purpose
• Phillips vs Martin Marietta (1971)

  • Title ACt upheld - TiHe VII
  • Not hiring mothers who had children in preschool but hiring fathers.
  • One of the first sex discrimination.
• Voting Right Outcomes

  • Racial gap decreased dramatically
  • Black tumout > white nationwide in 2012, 2008 (during Obama)
  • These for pres elections
  • Not as good for other elections