Plant Biology 🪴☘️🌵

• Photosynthesis


  the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose
• What is the general equation for photosynthesis?

  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2
• What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

  absorbs light energy and transfers it to other molecules to initiate the photosynthetic process
• What type of bonds are formed during photosynthesis?

  high-energy bonds between glucose molecules and ATP and NADPH molecules
• Cellular Respiration


  the process by which cells break down glucose and other organic molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP
• What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?

  glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
• What is the purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

  converts glucose into pyruvate and generates a small amount of ATP and NADH
• What is the ETC (Electron Transport Chain) used for in cellular respiration?

  generates most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration through the process of chemiosmosis
• Where does photosynthesis occur in a plant cell?

  in the chloroplasts
• What is the role of water in photosynthesis?

  used as the reducing agent for the production of glucose, H2O is reduced to form glucose and O2
• What is the importance of stomata in photosynthesis?

  allows for the exchange of CO2 and O2 between the plant and the atmosphere
• What is the byproduct of photosynthesis that is released into the atmosphere?

  Oxygen (O2)
• What are the ATP and NADPH molecules produced during photosynthesis used for?

  used as energy donors in the Calvin cycle to produce glucose
• What is the fate of pyruvate at the end of glycolysis?

  converted into acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle
• What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle?

  converts acetyl-CoA into ATP, NADH, and FADH2
• What is the byproduct of cellular respiration that is released into the atmosphere?

  Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
• What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

  generates ATP through the production of a proton gradient and subsequent ATP synthesis
• What is the role of RuBisCO in the Calvin cycle?

  enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of CO2 into RuBP to produce glucose
• What is the term for the energy released from the breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration?

  chemical energy
• Glycolysis


  {{Glycolysis}} is the first stage of cellular respiration. It takes place in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH. {{2 ATP, 2 NADH}}
• Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)


  {{Citric Acid Cycle}} is the second stage of cellular respiration. It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2. {{2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2}}
• Oxidative Phosphorylation (E.T.C.)


  {{Oxidative Phosphorylation}} is the third stage of cellular respiration. It takes place in the mitochondrial inner membrane and uses NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP through the electron transport chain. {{32-34 ATP}}
• What is tropism?

  {{Tropism}} is the growth response of a plant towards or away from a stimulus, typically light, gravity, touch, or chemicals.
• What is Phototropism?

  {{Phototropism}} is the growth response of a plant towards light. Plants bend towards light sources (positive phototropism) or away from light sources (negative phototropism) to optimize photosynthesis and growth.
• What is Gravitropism?

  {{Gravitropism}} is the growth response of a plant towards gravity. Roots grow downwards (geotropic response) and stems grow upwards (hydrotropic response) to maintain the plant's upright posture and optimize root growth.
• What is Thigmotropism?

  {{Thigmotropism}} is the growth response of a plant to touch or pressure. For example, some plants curl up or bend in response to touch (e.g., sensitive plants) or stretch towards support (e.g., climbing plants).
• How do plants respond to stimuli during tropism?

  {{Plants respond to stimuli}} through hormone regulation, differential cell growth, and relaxation of cells. Hormones like auxin and ethylene play key roles in regulating tropic responses.