UK in 21st century

• Population in the UK?

  66 million
• describe the population density distribution in the UK

  - relatively high population density : south-east England

  - low population density: north-east Scotland.

  
• What is the cause of housing shortage?

  - only 120000 homes were built (but require 240,000 to meet the growth)

  - new house need planning permission

  - green belts

  - price of land rising
• consequence of housing shortage?

  house price increase - people can't afford
• where are the low lands and high lands in UK?

  - low: South and East of UK (England)

  - high : North and West of UK (Scotland and Wales)
• rainfall pattern in the UK?

  - high in N + W

  - low in S + E
• what causes the water stress?

  - high population density in south-east UK

  ^ great demand of water which used up high proportion of the rainwater

  - water demand > rainfall : drought
• long term solution of water stress?

  pipe waters from high rainfall areas

  e.g : from Cambrian Mountains of Wales to Birmingham
• what are the reasons of growth of population during different time period? (till 1990 + 21st century)

  till 1990: by natural growth

  21st century: net migration
• the reason of increase in net migration?

  - the expansion of the European Union

  ^ people in Eastern Europe move to the UK

  (2001 : Ireland ; 2011 : Poland, India)
• what is population pyramid?

  it shows population structure
• shape of population pyramid in UK?

  - narrow base = low birth rate

  - sides are vertically up = low death rate
• demographic transition


  the change of population over time
• demographic transition : stage 1

  - both birth and death rate : high and fluctuating

  - net change ~ 0
• demographic transition : stage 2

  - birth rate : high + steady

  - death rate : falling rapidly

  - net change : increasing
• demographic transition : stage 3

  - birth rate : rapidly decline

  - death rate : falling slowly

  - net : increase
• demographic transition : stage 4

  - birth rate : low + fluctuate

  - death rate : low + fluctuate

  *UK current stage
• demographic transition : stage 5

  - birth rate : falling slowly

  - death rate : slightly increase
• 3 reason why birth rate is declining

  1. Women at work

  2. Tertiary education - there are also now more women going to university and pursuing careers. They may either delay having children or decide not to have children at all.

  3. Education - sex and relationships education is compulsory in schools and so a greater number of people know how to control their own fertility and have fewer unplanned babies.
• average life expectancy in UK?

  men : 79

  women : 83
• population of old people?

  3 million are over 80 years old
• cause of increasing life expectancy?

  - Development of universal free healthcare - the development of vaccinations and the National Health Service reduces deaths from diseases such as TB and measles.

  - large number of people were born after WWII in 1960s

  - Decrease in manual employment (primary + secondary)
• why there are increase in young adult population?

  There has been an increase in net migration into the UK
• dependency ratio

  the proportion of people whoa re under 16 OR over 65 who depend on working population
• how to calculate dependency ratio?

  (child<16 + elderly>65)/working population x 100
• impact of ageing population?

  - greater need for healthcare

  - increase need in welfare service e.g : pension

  - increase in demand for retirement homes

  result: increase expense thus increase taxes paid by the working population
• pros of ageing population?

  - elderly spend more on leisure: create jobs and income

  - older people are valued employees

  - old people could act as volunteers
• challenges of increase seaside retirement?

  - older people have lower mobility : need a better transport

  - rely on the care of their children : reduce work time of them
• government response to ageing population? (4)

  - increase age which people must work before receiving pension

  - encourage older people to remain active (lower healthcare cost)

  - encourage more people to work

  - allowing more immigration : bring more skilled labour + young workforce
• population in London?

  8.9 million
• what is the cause of growth of the London's population?

  - high birth rate - internal growth

  - although there's a lot immigrants arrive but there are also many people leave London
• describe the ethnic diversity in London

  - white UK 45%

  - South Asian 18%

  - black 13%

  -white other 15%

  38% of London's population were born abroad
• describe the employment sector trend in the UK

  - primary sector : decline due to mechanisation

  - secondary sectors : decline rapidly due to increased imports

  - tertiary sectors : remain as highest

  - quaternary sector : rapid growth due to increase in investment in RD
• impact on change in employment sector


  - UK turn into service economy

  - low skill workers will struggle to gain a tertiary job

  - higher reliance on imported goods

  - more competitive in the job market
• what is an economic hub?

  a place that is considered to be a focal point for the economy of its area

  e.g: Manchester , Canary Warf
• what are the 2 types of economic hub?

  - high growth : fastest growing cities since 2008

  - dynamic growth : cities with greatest potential to grow
• features of a high growth economic hub?

  - rapid economic growth : many businesses and jobs

  - diverse population : young and educated workers

  - growing number of homes and services
• features of a dynamic growth economic hub?

  - many quaternary business

  - many high-skilled workforce

  - good transport connection
• what is a growth corridor?


  it's an area that connects multiple areas of growth which could be found along major transport routine
• what are the 5 organisation that the UK joined?

  - the British Empire

  - The Common Wealth

  - The United Nation

  > United Nation Security Council

  - North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

  - The European Union