cases

• genitive of possession

  used to show possession; attributive or predicate position - attributive indicates that the speaker regards the possessive genitive as an attribute of the modified noun; reflexive pronouns can be used in the genitive to show possession (always attribute, personal pronouns always predicate)
• genitive of personal agent

  uses ὑπό (by) and a genitive noun; must be with a passive verb; direct object means voice is middle
• genitive of value

  also called the genitive of worth; genitive with ἄξιος indicates worth; δραχμή and ὀβολός occur often in the genitive to indicate the price of an object
• dative of means and manner

  dative of means usually translated with the prepositions with or by; dative of manner is usually translated with the preposition with or with an adverb formed by the noun and ending in -ly; no prepositions required for either
• dative of personal agent

  with perfect and pluperfect verbs; used to identify the person responsible for an action; all other tenses use ὑπό with the genitive
• genitive of time within which

  used to establish the time period within which a particular action takes places; occurs at some point in the time period but does not go on continuously throughout it; translated as during
• dative of time when

  used to date a particular action or specify the moment at which it takes place; often ἐν is added; translated as in
• accusative of extent of time

  indicates how long a particular action lasts; implies that the action extends over the entire time period and goes on continuously throughout it
• genitive absolute

  circumstantial participle; grammatically separate from main clause; describes the circumstances under which the main clause occurs; subject has no function in the main clause and is put in the genitive; may include particles like καίπερ, ἅτε, or ὡς; if there is no participle, use context to translate
• genitive of comparison

  a form of comparison in which the second half of the comparison is put in the genitive case; seen with comparative adjectives
• partitive genitive

  a noun/pronoun in the genitive is often added to a comparative/superlative adj/adv to identify the whole group from which a part is being singled out; not normally in the attributive position; often used with numerals; occasionally ἀπό or ἐκ is added
• dative of degree of difference

  comparisons shown with an adverb modifying the comparative adj or with a dative; a noun (or neut s adj) in the dative case, added to the sentence to make the comparison more precise