grammar

• plural subject with singular verb

  when a neuter noun is used in the plural as the subject of a sentence, Greek puts the main verb into the singular; neuter plural subjects seen as collective units; when translating into Greek, assume that a neuter plural subject and its verb do not agree in number
• substantives

  when an adjective stands by itself and is used as a noun
• attributive adjectives

  between definite article and noun OR after noun with its own definite article
• predicate adjectives

  before or after noun with no definite article; omission of linking verb when it is a form of 'to be'
• reflexives

  a pronoun that reflects or directs attention back to the subject of the sentence but is not the subject itself; occurs only in the genitive, dative, and accusative; personal pronoun or ἑ + αὐτός
• interrogatives

  as adjectives mean what? or which?; as pronoun means who? what? or which x?
• possessive adjectives

  match case and number and used to show possession instead of the genitive
• πόθεν

  from where? whence?
• ποῖ

  to where? whither?
• πότε (πότ’, ποθ’)

  when?
• ποῦ

  where?
• πῶς

  how?
• ποθέν

  from somewhere
• ποι

  to somewhere
• ποτέ (ποτ’, ποθ’)

  sometime, sometimes, ever, once
• που

  somewhere
• πως

  somehow
• ἆρα (ἆρ’)

  introduces a question
• ἆρ’ οὐ or οὐκοῦν or οὐ

  expects the answer yes
• ἆρα µή or µῶν or µή

  expects the answer no
• ὁπόθεν

  indirect interrogative adverb; from where? whence?
• ὅποι

  indirect interrogative adverb; to where? whither?
• ὁπότε (ὁπότ’, ὁπόθ’)

  indirect interrogative adverb; when?
• ὅπου

  indirect interrogative adverb; where?
• ὅπως

  indirect interrogative adverb; how?
• πότερον (or πότερα)…ἤ

  either...or; used in direct alternative questions
• πότερον (or πότερα)…ἤ OR εἴτε (εἴτ’, εἴθ’)…εἴτε (εἴτ’, εἴθ’)

  either...or OR whether...or; used in indirect alternative questions
• forming adverbs


  change the ν from the masc gen pl to ς
• comparative adjectives


  denotes a higher degree; can be formed with an adverb meaning more; can be formed by adding the suffix -τερ- with -ος, -ᾱ, -ον endings; when followed by ἤ (than) and another comparative in the same case, the two are being compared; irregular suffix is -ων, -ον or -ῑων, -ῑον
• superlative adjectives


  denotes the highest degree; can be formed with the adverb meaning most; can be formed with the suffix -τατ- with ος, -η, -ον endings; ὡς or ὅτι before it expresses the highest degree possible; irregular suffix is -ιστος, -η, -ον
• simple particular condition


  refers to a definite, particular event
• contrary to fact condition


  refers to an event that could have happened but did not; English protasis has 'were' or 'had'; apodosis has 'would' or 'would have'
• general condition


  refers to a general event
• future most vivid condition


  for threats and warnings; refers to an event that has not yet happened but will or might
• future more vivid condition


  refers to an event that has not yet happened but will or might; less emotional than the most vivid
• future less vivid condition


  refers to an event that has not yet happened but will or might; for hypothetical situations
• negatives in conditions

  negative protasis will have μή; negative apodosis will have οὐ unless replaced by an imperative
• what can replace the protasis of a condition?

  circumstantial participle
• indirect discourse with ὅτι/ὡς

  used with verbs of saying; finite verb; clause functions as subject or direct object; optative option
• indirect discourse with infinitive

  used with verbs of thinking or believing; infinitive verb; accusative subject; optative option