m10-11

• Operant Conditioning


  A theory of learning where behavior is influenced by its consequences
• Reinforcement


  Any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows
• Punishment


  The presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior it follows
• Reinforcement types

  • Positive reinforcement
  • Negative reinforcement
• Punishment types

  • Positive punishment
  • Negative punishment
• Positive reinforcement favorable events or outcomes. a response strengthens behavior by adding of praise or a direct reward.
• Negative reinforcement involve removal of unfavorable events after a display of behavior. strengthened by removal of something considered unpleasant.
• Positive punishment sometimes referred to as punishment by application, present unfavorable event or outcome in order to weakens the response it follows
• Negative punishment also known as punishmenyt by removal, occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs. ex. grounded
• Observational Learning


  The process where a person's behavior changes as a result of being exposed to the behavior of another person
• Types of modelling

  • Live modelling
  • Symbolic modelling
• Modelling effect


  An observer attends to and imitates a new model
• Disinhibitory effect


  Modelling can release a whole class of behavior that is usually inhibited
• Eliciting effect


  The observer can match the model's behavior with responses already in their repertoire
• Anxiety


  A response to external and internal stimuli that can have behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms
• Fear


  A more intense emotion experienced in response to a threatening situation
• Types of anxiety

  • Free-floating anxiety
  • Signal anxiety
• Free-floating anxiety


  A diffuse, chronic sense of uneasiness and apprehension not directed toward any specific situation or object. feel worried, nervous, and fearful for NO CLEAR REASON
• Signal anxiety


  Anxiety that arises in response to internal conflict or an emerging impulse
• Anxiety Disorder


  A group of conditions that share a key feature of excessive anxiety with ensuing behavioral, emotional, cognitive and physiologic responses
• Types of Anxiety Disorder

  • Separation Anxiety Disorder
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)4weeks


  Severe distress about leaving home, being alone, or being separated from a parent
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)6months


  Characterized by persistent, high levels of anxiety and excessive and difficult-to-control worry over life circumstances
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)


  A condition characterized by intrusive, repetitive anxiety-producing thoughts or a strong need to perform acts or dwell to reduce anxiety
• Obsessions


  Intrusive, repetitive thoughts or images that produce anxiety
• Compulsions


  Repetitive actions performed to reduce anxiety associated with obsessions
• Themes associated with obsessions

  • Contamination
  • Errors or uncertainty
  • Unwanted impulses
  • Orderliness
• Associated Disorders with OCD

  • Trichotillomania
  • Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder
• operant reinforcement learning paradigm

  burrhus frederic skinner
• social learning theory/imitation


  albert bandura
• observational learning


  a persons behavior changes as a result of being exposed to the behavior of another person, the model. specific components of model behavior are MODELLING CUES.
• live modelling


  observing models in the flesh(actually present) ex. parents
• symbolic modelling


  involves being exposed to models indirectly like watching movies, books, oral description.
• anxiety


  anticipation of future threats
• anxiety


  produce tension, worry, and physiological reactivity. anxiety may be adaptive, producing bodily reactions that prepare us for fight or flight
• fear


  the emotional response to real or perceived imminent/immediate threat