Shift in land use, due to decentralisation shops and business have relocated to Didsbury, Manchester town centre has declined such as Manchester in the 70s
This has led to the positive regeneration of town centres such as the Arendale due to doughnut effect
Shops and other business relocate out to the urban fringe this leads to decline in the services in the inner city. Such as 1980/90s Manchester
what are the social impacts of edge cities
Social segregation is a major challenge, suburban areas are mainly white middle class while deprivation occurs in the original cities
A doughnut effect occurs, the inner cities become deprived and hollowed, there is high deprivation, and most business and services move to outskirts
New housing estates and services
House prices in suburban areas increase
What are the environmental impacts of edge cities
Disadvantages new settlements are built are encroaching on green space such as the green belt, they population and buildings could damage ecosystems and habitats and also cause harm to green spaces
Due to commuting to the CBD, there is high levels of congestion, along main roads such as princess which causes air pollution levels.