levels of organization and cell structure

• pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases
• the 4 main types of pathogens are viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists
• organelles->cells->tissues->organ->organ system->organism
• cells are the fundamental units that make up living things
• tissues are groups of similar cells working together to perform a function
• an organ is a structure made up of tissues working together to perform specific functions
• and organ system is a group of organs with related functions
• an organism is a living thing
• the nucleus has genetic material that controls the activities of the cell
• the cytoplasm is where most of the chemical reactions happen
• the cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
• the mitochondria is where most of the energy is released from respiration
• the ribosomes is where protein synthesis happens
• the vacuole is filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid
• the cell wall strengthens the cell and supports the plant
• cell differentiation is when a cell changed from on cell type to another to become specialized
• cells that keep the ability to differentiate are called stem cells. in plants they're called meristems
• the two main groups of stem cells are embryonic and adult stem cells
• embryonic stem cells can divide into more stem cells or able to differentiate into any cell
• adult stem cells are able to differentiate into most but not all cells
• lipids are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids
• the main disadvantage of embryonic cells is that they have ethical concerns about killing a potential human
• the main disadvantage of adult stem cells is that there aren't enough available so it may take longer to get treatment
• adult stem cells can be found in the bone marrow, skin and blood
• stem cells can be used to repair cartilage tissue