internal factors

• who found that there was a strong correlation between the bands that students were placed in schools and the occupational backgrounds of their parents. That is, students with parents who had middle class occupations were more likely to be placed in the higher bands whereas children from whose parents had working class jobs were more likely to be in the lower bands.


  BALL
• who identifies a range of ways in which pupils may ‘adapt’ to their schooling environment.


  woods
• woods identified adaptation to school as ingratiation whereby they

  ingratiate themselves with their teahers as much as possible

  the other one is compliance which is not as strong but still reflects conformity
• woods identified negative adaptation as

  rebellion where students openly reject the goals of the school and the means as to how to achieve these and this culminates in an anti-school culture.


  pupil adaptations could be linked to class in that working class pupils were more likely to adopt negative non-conformist adaptations whereas middle class pupils were more likely to be positive and more conformist.
• applied the idea of labelling (developed by Becker) when looking at the operation of streaming in schools.


  keddie
• She found that teachers were more likely to label children from middle class backgrounds as ‘ideal pupils’ and


  as a result they tended to be treated more favourably than working class pupils.
• Ball (1981) found that there was a strong correlation between the bands that students were placed in schools and the occupational backgrounds of their parents. That is


  students with parents who had middle class occupations were more likely to be placed in the higher bands whereas children from whose parents had working class jobs were more likely to be in the lower bands.
• Criticism of labelling theory to do with wider structures of society


  Marxists argue it ignores the side structures of power labelling-fails to explain why teachers label -labels are not due to teachers individual prejudices but of them working in a class system that reproduces inequality

  Too deterministic-some benefit from negative labels
• External and internal factors are often 


  Interrelated ex.people from material deprivation(external factor) may be bullied by peers(internal factor)
• 2 ways pupil subcultures develop


  Differentation-process where teachers categorise pupils according to how they percieve their behaviour etc

  Polarisation-process where pupils respond to streaming by removing label or accepting label(Pro or ant school culture)
• Habitus


  Learned way of thinking categorised by social class ex.wc have a Nike identity-archer
• When wc experience conflicted feelings towards mc pupils as their taste seems worthless ,Bourdieu called this -


  Symbolic violence/capital as it keeps wc in their place by stigmising wc identities through dress codes
• Other responses to streaming other than subcultures

  Integration-teachers pet

  Ritualism-staying out of trouble

  Retreatism-daydreaming about messing about

  Revellion-rejection to everything school stands for
• ball

  -ball found that when the school abolished banding, the basis for pupils to polarize into subcultures was largely removed and the influence of anti-school subculture massively reduced but eventhough polarization continued, differentiation continued.-balls study shows that class inequalities can continue as a result of teachers labeling, even without the effect of subcultures or streaming.
• responses to labelling and streaming

  woods argues there are 4 other reponses to streaming apart from pro and anti school subculture:

  1. ingration- being the 'teachers pet'
  2. ritualism- going through the motions and staying out of trouble
  3. retreatism- daydreaming and mucking about
  4. rebellion-outright rejection of the everything the school stands for 
• who defined streaming

  douglas
• • douglas found that children placed in a lower stream at the age of 8 had suffered a decline in their IQ score by the age of 11
  • being in a lower stream creates a self-fufiling prophecy in which pupils live up to their teachers low expecations
• what did douglas find by students placed in a higher stream

  mc pupils tend to benefit from streaming 

  they are likely to be placed in higher streams reflecting the teachers view of them as ideal pupils

  • as a result, they develop a more positive self-concept, gain confidence, work harder and improve their grade
• Becker- looked at streaming and found

  Wc pupils not ideal pupil as seen as lacking ability and so place them in lower streams than mc -found once placed in lower stream it was hard to move up
• who looked at labelling in primary schools

  Ray rist
• Cardinal , clown, and tiger study -rist

  Placed students in sets based off their home backround-wc seen as having lower potential-labelled as cardinals (hopeless)or clowns -placed at back of the classroom

  MC students were neat and tidy-labelled as tigers -given more attention and better books
• who says that wc parents seem less interested in their childs eduction

  Dunne and gazley
• Dunne and gazley

  • wc parents were deemed uninterested whereas mc parents were seen as supportive leading to class differences in how teachers dealt with pupils underachieving
  • wc pupils had easier exams but mc pupils were given extension work
• Archer-summary of pupil identities

  • The ideal pupil: white, MC, natural ability 
  • The pathological pupil: Asian, effeminate, conformist, succeeds through hard work
  • The demonised pupils: black or white WC, unintelligent, culturally deprived, hyper-sexualised 

  Chinese pupils-> far from ideal pupil -> quiet and passive -> achieve success through hard work not natural ability