Subculture theories

• Who argued that the differences in educational achievement between middle- and working-class children can be directly linked to the subcultures into which they are socialised.

  Sugarman
• Whoargued that working class parents were more likely to be fatalistic, concerned with immediate gratification, present-time orientation and a sense of collectivism.

  Sugarman
• Which values do mc hold

  Middle class parents were more likely to be optimistic, concerned with deferred gratification, future-time orientation and adopt a more individualist approach.
• Who used data from the British Cohort Study and the National Child Development Study to argue that there was a link between social class and educational achievement.

  Leon Feinstein (2003)
• Feinstein's (2003) findings

  He suggested that lower rates of educational achievement by working-class children was linked to a number of factors such as the extent of parents' education; the quality of the school attended and material deprivation.
• Which was feinsteins key factor in determining child's achievement

  Parental interest and support
• Who is suggesting that middle-class parents provide more support and take a greater interest in their children's educational development.

  Douglas
• Who suggests that the working classes and middle classes have different ‘value systems’ and that these different values help explain differences in educational achievement.

  Hyman
• Hyman suggests the working classes place more value on

  manual work or ‘getting a trade’ which is seen as a stable and secure job that involves less risk than non-manual jobs that may require greater risks to achieve. So Hyman argues that the values of working class parents limit the educational achievement of their children.
• What data did Leon Feinstein (2003) use to argue that there was a link between social class and educational achievement?

  The British Cohort Study 2 The National Child Development Study