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Psychopathology
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Jaya Kaur Mahil
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Subdecks (1)
Psychopathology
psychology > Psychopathology
18 cards
Cards (102)
What does statistical infrequency imply about a disorder?
A disorder is
abnormal
if its
frequency
is
more than two standard deviations away
from the
mean incidence rates.
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How is statistical infrequency used in clinical diagnoses?
It is used as a
comparison
with a
baseline
or
'normal'
value to assess the
severity
of the
disorder.
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What percentage of the general population is affected by Schizophrenia?
1%
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What is a limitation of the statistical infrequency definition of abnormality?
It
assumes
that any
abnormal
characteristics are
automatically negative.
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What is the failure to function adequately definition of abnormality?
It suggests that individuals may be considered
abnormal
if their
mental state prevents
them from leading a
'normal' life.
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Who proposed the failure to function adequately definition of abnormality?
Rosenhan
and
Seligman
(1989)
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What behaviors might indicate failure to function adequately?
Not obeying social norms, being in distress, or exhibiting dangerous behavior.
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What is a strength of the failure to function adequately definition of abnormality?
It takes into account the patient's
perspective
, leading to potentially more
accurate diagnoses.
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What is a weakness of the failure to function adequately definition of abnormality?
It may lead to labeling patients as
'strange'
or
'crazy'
, reinforcing
negative stereotypes.
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What does the deviation from social norms definition of abnormality suggest?
Abnormal behavior is based on straying away from social norms specific to a culture.
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What is an example of a behavior that could lead to a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (APD)?
Behaving
aggressively
towards
strangers.
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How has the deviation from social norms definition historically led to discrimination?
It has been used as a mechanism for social control, reflecting societal biases.
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What is an example of a culturally specific norm that could affect mental health diagnoses?
Hallucinations may be viewed positively in some cultures as a sign of spirituality.
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Who proposed the deviation from ideal mental health definition of abnormality?
Jahoda (1958)
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What are some criteria for ideal mental health according to Jahoda?
Self-actualization
,
accurate self-perception
, and
high self-esteem.
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What is a major issue with Jahoda's definition of ideal mental health?
It may set unrealistic expectations that most people cannot meet.
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How does the concept of cultural relativism affect the deviation from ideal mental health definition?
Self-actualization
may be viewed as
selfish
in
collectivist
cultures.
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What are the behavioral characteristics of phobias?
Panic
,
avoidance
, and
endurance.
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What physiological response occurs during panic in phobias?
Heightened physiological arousal
caused by the
hypothalamus.
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How does avoidance behavior impact a patient's life?
It severely impacts their
ability
to
continue
with
day-to-day activities.
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What is endurance in the context of phobias?
Remaining
exposed
to the
phobic
stimulus for an
extended
period while experiencing
anxiety.
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What are the main emotional characteristics of phobias?
Anxiety
and
unawareness
of the
irrationality
of the
anxiety.
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What cognitive characteristics are associated with phobias?
Selective attention, irrational beliefs,
and
cognitive distortions.
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What does selective
attention
mean in the context of
phobias
?

The patient remains
focused
on the
phobic stimulus
despite severe
anxiety.
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How do irrational beliefs contribute to phobias?
They lead to
unreasonable
responses of
anxiety
towards the
phobic stimulus.
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What are cognitive distortions in the context of phobias?
The patient does not
perceive
the
phobic stimulus accurately,
often seeing it as
grossly distorted.
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What are the behavioral characteristics of depression?
Changed
activity levels, aggression,
and changes in
sleeping
and
eating
patterns.
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What emotional characteristics are associated with depression?
Lowered
self-esteem,
constant
poor mood,
and high
levels
of
anger.
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What cognitive characteristics are common in depression?
Absolutist
thinking,
selective attention
towards
negative
events, and
poor concentration.
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What are the main behavioral characteristics of OCD?
Compulsions
and
avoidance
behavior.
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What emotional characteristics are associated with OCD?
Guilt
,
disgust
,
depression
, and
anxiety.
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What cognitive characteristics are typical in OCD?
Patients acknowledge their
anxiety
is
excessive
and
develop cognitive strategies
to
deal
with
obsessions.
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What is Mowrer's theory regarding the acquisition of phobias?
Phobias are
acquired
through
classical conditioning
and
maintained
through
operant conditioning.
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How did Watson and Rayner demonstrate classical conditioning in phobias?
Little Albert
associated
fear
from a
loud bang
with a
white rat.
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What is the role of operant conditioning in maintaining phobias?
Avoidance behaviors are negatively reinforced by avoiding the anxiety associated with the phobic stimulus.
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What is a strength of Mowrer's theory of phobias?
It explains the
mechanism
behind the
acquisition
and
maintenance
of
phobias.
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What is systematic desensitization?
A
behavioral therapy
designed to reduce phobic anxiety through
gradual exposure
to the phobic stimulus.
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What principle does systematic desensitization rely upon?
Counterconditioning, learning
a
new response
of
relaxation
to the
phobic stimulus.
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What is the anxiety hierarchy in systematic desensitization?
A list of situations involving the phobic stimulus, ordered from least to most nerve-wrecking.
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What is reciprocal inhibition in the context of systematic desensitization?
It is
impossible
to be both
relaxed
and
anxious
at the
same time.
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See all 102 cards
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