science

• What is the intended use of the digital practice books?

  Personal use by the purchaser only
• What does each purchase of the digital practice books grant to the purchaser?

  A non-transferable license
• Is sharing or distributing the digital files allowed?

  No, it is strictly prohibited
• What protects the content within the digital practice books?

  Copyright laws
• Can users modify or adapt any part of the digital practice books?

  No, users may not modify, adapt, or alter any part
• What should users ensure if the digital practice books are purchased for educational purposes?

  Compliance with educational fair use policies and obtaining additional licenses if necessary
• Who should users contact for feedback or reporting issues?

  Franz
• What is the refund policy for the digital books?

  Provided "as is" without warranties of any kind
• What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

  Controls the entry and exit of materials
• What is the cytoplasm?

  A jelly-like fluid that fills the cell and suspends the organelles
• What are organelles?

  Specialized structures within the cell, each with a specific function
• What are the major organelles and their functions?

  1. Nucleus: Control center, stores genetic information
  2. Mitochondria: Powerhouse, produces ATP
  3. Ribosomes: Protein factories, synthesize proteins
  4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Protein production and transport

  • Rough ER: Protein synthesis
  • Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis and detoxification

  1. Golgi Apparatus: Packaging and shipping center
  2. Lysosomes: Recycling and waste disposal
  3. Cytoskeleton: Provides structure and movement
  4. Cell Wall (Plant Cells Only): Provides support and protection
• What is the structure of the cell membrane?

  A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
• What is diffusion?

  The spontaneous movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached
• What is osmosis?

  The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
• What happens to animal cells in a hypotonic solution?

  Water enters the cell, causing it to swell and potentially burst
• What happens to plant cells in a hypertonic solution?

  They lose water and become plasmolyzed, where the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall
• What are the stages of photosynthesis?

  1. Light-Dependent Reactions:

  • Inputs: Sunlight, Water (H2O)
  • Outputs: ATP, NADPH
  • Location: Thylakoid membrane

  1. Calvin Cycle:

  • Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH
  • Outputs: Glucose (C6H12O6)
  • Location: Stroma
• What is the primary function of photosynthesis?

  To capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy stored in glucose
• What are the inputs and outputs of aerobic respiration?

  Inputs: Glucose (C6H12O6), Oxygen (O2); Outputs: CO2, Water (H2O), ATP
• Where does aerobic respiration occur?

  In the mitochondria
• What is anaerobic respiration?

  A process that occurs without oxygen, producing less ATP and various organic byproducts
• What are the key points to remember about photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

  • They are complementary processes.
  • Photosynthesis produces glucose; cellular respiration breaks it down.
  • Both involve energy transfer.
  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide flow is linked between the two processes.
• What is the structure of DNA?

  A double-stranded molecule shaped like a twisted ladder called a double helix
• What are the building blocks of DNA?

  Nucleotides
• What are the parts of a nucleotide?

  Sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
• What is base pairing in DNA?

  Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T) and Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G-C)
• What are the key stages of mitosis?

  1. Interphase: Chromosomes replicate
  2. Prophase: Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down
  3. Metaphase: Sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate
  4. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate
  5. Telophase: Nuclear envelopes reform and cell divides
• What are the key stages of meiosis?

  1. Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes pair and undergo crossing over
  2. Meiosis II: No chromosome replication; two daughter cells divide to produce four gametes
• What are Punnett squares used for?

  To predict the probability of offspring inheriting specific traits from their parents
• What are the inheritance patterns to practice with Punnett squares?

  • Dominant and Recessive Alleles
  • Codominance
  • Incomplete Dominance
  • Sex-Linked Traits
• What is natural selection?


  The driving force behind evolution that explains how populations adapt and change over generations
• What are the key elements of natural selection?

  1. Variation: Individuals exhibit variation in traits
  2. Heritability: Some variations are heritable
  3. Differential Reproduction: Individuals with advantageous traits reproduce more successfully
  4. Struggle for Existence: Organisms compete for limited resources
• What makes individuals more susceptible to recessive sex-linked disorders?

  A copy of the X chromosome
• What is the core concept of natural selection?

  • Driving force behind evolution
  • Proposed by Charles Darwin
  • Explains how populations adapt and change over generations
• What is the first key element of natural selection?

  Variation
• What does variation in a population refer to?

  Differences in traits among individuals
• What is heritability in the context of natural selection?

  It refers to variations that can be passed down from parents to offspring
• Why do some individuals reproduce more successfully than others?

  Because they have traits better suited to the environment
• What does the struggle for existence imply in natural selection?

  Organisms compete for limited resources