english

• What are the eight parts of speech in grammar?

  Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections
• What are the types and functions of nouns?

  Types:

  • Proper Nouns: Specific entities (e.g., Paris, Shakespeare)
  • Common Nouns: General categories (e.g., city, poet)

  
  

  Functions:

  • Subject: Performs the action
  • Object: Receives the action
  • Possessive: Shows ownership
  • Appositive: Renames a noun
• What are the types of verbs?

  Action verbs, linking verbs, helping verbs
• What is the function of verbs in a sentence?

  They show the action or state of being of the subject
• What are the roles of adjectives and adverbs in a sentence?


  Adjectives:

  • Describe qualities, states, or sizes of nouns/pronouns
  • Usually come before the noun they modify

  
  

  Adverbs:

  • Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Describe how, when, where, why, or to what degree something happens
• What are the types of pronouns?

  Subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns
• What is the function of prepositions in a sentence?

  They show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence
• What are some common prepositions?


  At, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, with
• What are the types and functions of conjunctions?

  Types:

  • Coordinating Conjunctions: Join words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank
  • Subordinating Conjunctions: Introduce dependent clauses

  
  

  Function:

  • Connect grammatical elements within a sentence
• What are examples of interjections?


  Oh!, Wow!, Alas!, Hurray!
• What is the main clause in a complex sentence?

  The independent clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence
• What are the three main groups of verb tenses based on time frame?

  • Present: Actions happening now or habitual actions
  • Past: Actions completed in the past
  • Future: Actions that will occur in the future
• What are the types of present tense?

  • Simple Present: Habits or truths (e.g., She reads every day)
  • Present Continuous: Ongoing actions (e.g., We are having dinner)
  • Present Perfect: Completed actions with present connection (e.g., I have eaten lunch)
  • Present Perfect Continuous: Duration of ongoing actions (e.g., They have been working for hours)
• What are the types of past tense?

  • Simple Past: Completed actions (e.g., I went to the store)
  • Past Continuous: Ongoing actions at a specific time (e.g., They were playing)
  • Past Perfect: Action completed before another past action (e.g., The movie had started)
  • Past Perfect Continuous: Duration of actions before another past event (e.g., They had been waiting)
• What are the types of future tense?

  • Simple Future: Actions that will take place (e.g., I will visit)
  • Future Continuous: Ongoing actions at a specific future time (e.g., We will be flying)
  • Future Perfect: Action completed before another future action (e.g., The sun will have risen)
• What are the guidelines for choosing the right tense?

  • Present Tense: Ongoing actions or general truths
  • Past Tense: Completed actions
  • Future Tense: Actions that will occur
  • Perfect Tenses: Emphasize completion or connection to the present
  • Progressive Tenses: Emphasize ongoing nature
• What are the types of sentences based on structure?

  1. Simple Sentence: One independent clause (e.g., The cat purred)
  2. Compound Sentence: Two or more independent clauses (e.g., I studied hard, but I didn't get an A)
  3. Complex Sentence: One independent and one or more dependent clauses (e.g., Although I studied hard, I didn't get an A)
  4. Compound-Complex Sentence: Multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause (e.g., While I studied hard, I didn't get an A, so I will try a different method)
• What is a sentence fragment?

  An incomplete grammatical unit lacking a subject, verb, or both
• What is a run-on sentence?

  Two or more independent clauses jammed together without proper punctuation
• What are the general rules for subject-verb agreement?

  • A singular subject requires a singular verb
  • A plural subject requires a plural verb
• What are the nuances of subject-verb agreement with collective nouns?

  • Singular verb if acting as a unit (e.g., The team is winning)
  • Plural verb if emphasizing individual members (e.g., The team members are arguing)
• How do indefinite pronouns affect subject-verb agreement?

  • Require singular verbs when referring to singular entities (e.g., Everyone wants a slice)
  • Plural verb possible when referring to a divided entity (e.g., Everyone brought their own dish)
• What are tricky situations in subject-verb agreement?

  • Subjects with prepositional phrases: Identify the noun before the phrase
  • Inverted sentence structure: Locate the subject after the verb
  • Intervening words: Identify the subject and choose the verb that agrees in number
• What is the golden rule for pronoun-antecedent agreement?


  A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number (singular/plural) and gender (masculine/feminine/neuter)
• What are common scenarios for pronoun-antecedent agreement?

  1. Singular Antecedent: Use singular pronoun (e.g., The student finished his/her exam)
  2. Plural Antecedent: Use plural pronoun (e.g., The teachers gathered their supplies)
  3. Compound Antecedents:

  • Joined by "and": Use plural pronoun
  • Joined by "or" or "nor": Pronoun agrees with the closer antecedent
• How do collective nouns affect pronoun-antecedent agreement?

  • Treat singular nouns acting as a unit as singular (e.g., The team won)
  • Use plural pronouns if emphasizing individual members (e.g., The team members won)
• What is the rule for pronoun agreement with a singular antecedent?

  If the antecedent is singular, the pronoun must also be singular.
• How should a pronoun agree with a plural antecedent?

  If the antecedent is plural, the pronoun must also be plural.
• In the sentence "John and Mary love their cat," what type of antecedent is being used?

  Compound antecedent joined by "and."
• What is the pronoun agreement rule for compound antecedents joined by "or" or "nor"?

  The pronoun agrees with the closer antecedent.
• How should collective nouns be treated when acting as a unit?

  They should be treated as singular and use a singular pronoun.
• In the sentence "The team practiced its plays," what type of noun is "team"?

  A collective noun acting as a unit.
• When should a plural pronoun be used with collective nouns?

  When the collective noun refers to individual members.
• Which indefinite pronouns are grammatically singular?

  Indefinite pronouns like anybody, everyone, nobody, and someone.
• What is an exception for using "they" with singular indefinite pronouns?

  "They" can be used when referring to people of unknown gender.
• In the sentence "The applicant should submit all their documents on time," what type of pronoun is used?

  Gender-neutral pronoun.
• How can ambiguity in gender antecedents be resolved?

  By using gender-neutral pronouns or restructuring the sentence.
• What are the common scenarios and solutions for pronoun-antecedent agreement?

  1. Singular vs. Plural Antecedents
  2. Compound Antecedents
  3. Collective Nouns
  4. Indefinite Pronouns
  5. Ambiguous Gender Antecedents
• What punctuation mark is used to mark the end of a declarative sentence?

  Period (.)
• What punctuation mark signals a question?

  Question mark (?)