I/O PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS

• Personnel Psychology 


  study and practice in such areas as analyzing jobs, recruiting applicants, selecting employees, determining salary levels, training employees, and evaluating employee performance.
• Organizational Psychology


  are concerned with the issues of leadership, job satisfaction, employee motivation, organizational communication, conflict management, organizational change, and group processes within an organization.
• Human Factors/Ergonomics 


  concentrate on workplace design, human- machine interaction, ergonomics, and physical fatigue and stress.
• The Industrial Approach in I/O Psychology

  focuses on determining the competencies needed to perform a job, staffing the organization with employees who have those competencies, and increasing those competencies through training.
• The Organizational Approach in I/O Psychology 


  creates an organizational structure and culture that will motivate employees to perform well, give them the necessary information to do their jobs, and provide working conditions that are safe and result in an enjoyable and satisfying work/life environment.
• Industrial/Organizational Psychology 


  is a branch of psychology that applies the principles of psychology to the workplace.
• Army Alpha 


  an intelligence test developed during World War I and used by the army for soldiers who can read.
• Army Beta


  an intelligence test developed during World War I and used by the army for soldiers who cannot read.
• Hawthorne Effect 


  when employees change their behavior due solely to the fact that they are receiving attention or are being observed.
• Hawthorne Studies 


  series of studies, conducted at the Western Electric plant in Hawthorne, Illinois, that have come to represent any change in behavior when people react to a change in the environment.
• Hypothesis


  an educated prediction about the answer to a research question.
• Theory 


  a systematic set of assumptions regarding the cause and nature of behavior.
• Major Fields of I/O Psychology

  Personnel

  Organizational

  Human Factors/Ergonomics
• Why should I care about research?

  Answering questions and making decisions

  We encounter research everyday

  Common sense is often wrong
• The Theory of Advertising

  wrote by Walter Dill Scott in 1903
• Psychology and Industrial Efficiency

  published by Hugo Munsterberg in 1913
• Journal of Applied Psychology

  first published in 1917
• First I/O Psychology Textbook

  was written by Morris Viteles in 1932
• American Association for Applied Psycholgy 


  it was established in 1937
• Independent Variable

  the manipulated variable in an experiment.
• Dependent Variable 


  the measure of behavior that is expected to change as a result of changes in the independemt variable.
• Control Group 


  group of employees who do not receive a particular type of training so that their performance can be compared with that of employees who do receive training.
• Type A Dillema 


  there is a high level of uncertainty as to what is right or wrong, there appears to be no best solution, and there are both positive and negative consequences to a decision.
• Type B Dillema 


  also called rationalizing dilemmas, the difference between right and wrong is much clearer than in a Type A dilemma, and individuals know what is right but choose the solution that is most advantageous to themselves.
• The Field of I/O Psychology

  it began in 1900
• I/O Psychologists are able to...

  apply psychological theories to explain and enhance the effectiveness of human behavior in the workplace.
• Industrial 


  testing and selection focus.
• Organizational 


  attitudinal and social focus.
• Idea 


  derives from a curiousity and usually starts with a sentence "I wonder"
• Human Resource Management


  focuses on affairs like recruitment, compensation, and benefits administration. as wall as improving employee-employer relations and workplace by maintaining company culture, performing administrative tasks, and implementing already-developed programming.
• I/O Psychology


  focuses on human behavior in the workplace.

  conducting research to better understand the relationship between employee happiness and organizational efficacy.
• What are the major types of Organizational Theories?


  Classical Theories

  Neo-Classical (Human Relations Theory)

  Modern Theory

  Contingency Theories
• What are the steps of Jon Analysis?


  1. Identifying Tasks Perform
  2. Write Task Analysis
  3. Rate Task Analysis
  4. Determine the essential KSAOs
  5. Testing
• Job Satisfaction


  the attitude employees have toward their jobs
• Organizational Commitment 


  the extent to which an employee identifies with and is involved with an organization
• Affective Commitment 


  the extent to which an employee wants to remain with an organization and cares about the organization
• Continuance Commitment 


  the extent to which employees believe they must remain with an organization due to the time, expense, and effort they have already put into the organization
• Normative Commitment 


  the extent to which employees feel an obligation to remain with an organization
• Social Information Processing Theory/ Social Learning Theory 


  states that employees model their levels of satisfaction and motivation from other employees
• Equity Theory


  a theory of job satisfaction stating that employees will be satisfies if their ratio of effort to reward is like that of other employees