PART 3 LESSON ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY AND PRINCIPLES

• What is the main emphasis of organizational structure and design?

  It focuses on a structural framework for assigning activities, establishing authority relations, coordinating efforts, and fixing responsibilities.
• What are the key tasks of leadership in an organization?

  Dividing tasks, grouping them into departments, and dealing with coordination problems.
• What is a characteristic of management styles in classical theories?

  They have a static approach, focusing too little on interactions between different parts of the organization.
• How does group behavior in classical theories view the formal structure?

  It is too concerned with formal structure and insufficiently considers the individuals who make the structure work.
• What does communication in organizations stress?

  It stresses the need for a clear definition of responsibilities and authority.
• What is the aim of scientific management theory?


  To encourage production efficiency and productivity through the management of production as science.
• What is a principle of scientific management theory?

  Creation of a scientific method of measurement that replaces the "rule-of-thumb" method.
• What does bureaucratic (ideal bureaucratic) theory emphasize?

  Interpersonal positions that are earned, rule-governed decision making, professionalism, and a chain of command.
• What are the characteristics of bureaucratic institutions?

  Systems of rules and regulations, narrow spans of control, and a line of hierarchy.
• What is the main focus of administrative management according to Henri Fayol?

  To assist managers in carrying out essential functions like planning, organizing, and controlling.
• What is a principle of administrative management?


  Encouraging people to take initiative.
• What does neo-classical theory emphasize?

  Affective and socio-psychological aspects of human behavior in organizations.
• How does neo-classical theory view employee behavior in organizational structure design?

  Employees' behavior should be taken into consideration in designing organizational structure.
• What is the role of motivation in organizations according to neo-classical theory?

  Workers should be motivated and encouraged to boost active participation in the production process.
• Who developed Theory X and Y Leadership?

  Douglas McGregor.
• What does Theory X assume about people?

  Most people have an inherent dislike for work and need to be coerced and closely supervised.
• What does Theory Y assume about people?

  Work is a natural part of people's lives, and they seek greater meaning in it.
• What is the exploitative authoritarian type according to Likert?

  A management style similar to Theory X with very little trust and centralized decision making.
• What characterizes the benevolent authoritative type?

  Some level of trust in employees, with opportunities for communication, but still largely authoritative.
• What is the consultative management style?

  It has greater trust in employees, with more bottom-up communication, but decisions are still primarily made by higher positions.
• What defines the participative management style?

  Managers have complete trust in subordinates, with free-flowing communication and decision-making at all levels.
• What is System 5 proposed by J. G. Likert and Akari?

  A management style that is essentially identical to participative group type but with truly shared leadership or "no boss"
• What does modern theory emphasize in organizational analysis?

  It views the organization as a whole and is based on systems analysis.
• What does human resources theory treat organizations as?

  A simple social system consisting of small working groups.
• What is the central problem addressed by human resources theory?

  The human aspects of the organization, including working conditions and employee relations.
• What does open systems theory state about organizations?

  Organizations are total systems comprising a number of interacting variables.
• What does organizational structure and design call for?

  Identifying functions required in decision areas to achieve goals.
• What must managers consider according to operational efficiency?

  Managers must adjust different variables to function in an orderly fashion and preserve organizational integrity.
• What do contingency theories claim about organizing and decision-making?

  There is no best way to organize a corporation or make decisions; effectiveness depends on the situation.
• What does organizational efficiency depend on?

  It depends on aspects like decision quality, relevant information, and the amount of disagreement.
• What is Fiedler’s contingency model about?

  It maintains that effective leadership depends on a match between the leader’s style and the work situation.
• What does the Hersey-Blanchard situational theory expand upon?

  It expands the notion of relationship and task dimensions to leadership and readiness dimension.
• What is the path-goal theory about?

  The leader's job is to help the group attain the goals they desire.
• What are the categories of behavior in path-goal theory?

  Directive, achievement-oriented, supportive behavior, and participative behavior.
• What does the decision-making model state about leaders?

  Leaders are decision makers who make predictions about proper leader behavior and provide prescriptions for decision-making.
• What does the leader-member exchange model emphasize?

  Effective leadership is determined by the quality of interaction between leaders and workers.
• What are the key principles of scientific management theory?

  • Creation of scientific measurement methods
  • Emphasis on worker training
  • Cooperation between managers and workers
  • Equal division of labor
  • Job classification and clustering
• What are the characteristics of bureaucratic organizations?

  • Systems of rules and regulations
  • Narrow spans of control
  • Authority based on contributions
  • One direct supervisor
  • Unity of direction
• What are the principles of administrative management according to Henry Fayol?

  • Stability of personnel
  • Encouragement of initiative
  • High level of cohesion among employees
• What are the types of management styles according to Likert's concept of human organization?

  • Exploitative Authoritarian Type
  • Benevolent Authoritative Type
  • Consultative
  • Participative