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• What is the primary function of the nervous system?

  To send messages from various parts of your body to your brain and back.

  
• What does CNS stand for?

  Central Nervous System
• What are the three main functions of the CNS?

  To process information, coordinate responses, and integrate sensory input.
• What does PNS stand for?

  Peripheral Nervous System
• What are the components of the PNS?

  Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.
• How is the PNS divided?

  • Motor subdivision
  • Autonomic subdivision
• What is the difference between the motor and autonomic subdivisions of the PNS?

  The motor subdivision deals with conscious functions, while the autonomic subdivision deals with unconscious functions.
• What types of muscles does the motor subdivision innervate?

  Skeletal muscles.
• What types of muscles and glands does the autonomic subdivision innervate?

  Smooth and cardiac muscles, glands, and viscera.
• Where are the nerve cell bodies located in the motor subdivision?

  Entirely within the CNS.
• What are preganglionic neurons?

  Neurons with cell bodies in the CNS that synapse with postganglionic neurons in the PNS.
• What is the reward system in the brain?

  A neural circuit that is strongly influenced by emotions and provides motivation for survival and reproduction activities.
• How does drug addiction affect the reward system?

  It dramatically affects the reward system.
• What has knowledge of brain regions involved with speech come from?

  Study of aphasias.
• What is Broca's aphasia?


  A condition where a person has difficulty mouthing words but retains understanding of speech.
• What brain region is associated with Broca's aphasia?

  The left frontal region.
• What is Wernicke's aphasia?


  A condition where a person can speak but has difficulty understanding language.
• What brain region is associated with Wernicke's aphasia?

  The left temporal region.
• What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

  • Reasoning
  • Social understanding
  • Voluntary muscle movements
  • Learning and recalling information
• What is declarative memory?

  Memory that deals with remembering facts and past events.
• Where is declarative memory located in the brain?

  In the medial brain.
• What are the two types of declarative memory?

  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory
• What is short-term memory?

  Memory that lasts seconds and must be repeated or it will decay.
• What is the capacity of short-term memory?

  Limited to 5-7 items.
• What is long-term memory?

  Memory that lasts years and is more or less permanent.
• What is the capacity of long-term memory?


  Can be huge, with no known limits.
• What are the key aspects of the NIH Brain Initiative?

  • Support human research studies using advanced technologies
  • Investigate structure, function, and connectivity of the human brain
  • Develop new tools for imaging and mapping brain activity
  • Investigate neural basis of behavior and cognition
  • Develop innovative treatments for brain disorders

  
• What does stimulus typically refer to in the context of the nervous system?

  Stimulus refers to events where physical stimulus is converted into action potential.
• How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded?

  In the rate of action potentials produced by sensory receptors.
• What happens to the rate of action potentials with an intense stimulus?

  It produces a more rapid train of action potentials.
• What happens to the rate of action potentials when the stimulus is reduced?

  It slows the rate of production of action potentials.
• What are the two groups of photoreceptors in the retina?

  Rod cells and cone cells.
• What is the function of rod cells?


  They are highly sensitive to light and function in night vision.
• What is the function of cone cells?


  They detect a wide spectrum of light photons and are responsible for color vision.
• What is the primary function of the nervous system?

  To send messages from various parts of the body to the brain and back to tell the body what to do
• What are the two main components of the central nervous system (CNS)?

  Brain and spinal cord
• What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?


  Nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord
• How can the peripheral nervous system be divided?

  Into motor and autonomic subdivisions
• What is the difference between the motor and autonomic subdivisions of the PNS?

  Motor subdivision deals with conscious functions, while autonomic subdivision deals with unconscious functions
• What are the functions and organs innervated by the motor and autonomic subdivisions?

  • Motor subdivision:
  • Function: Conscious sensory & motor functions
  • Organs innervated: Skin, skeletal muscle & tendons
  • Autonomic subdivision:
  • Function: Unconscious sensory & motor functions
  • Organs innervated: Smooth & cardiac muscle, glands & viscera