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Cards (43)
What is the purpose of microscopy in biology?
To observe and investigate different types of
cell
and cell structure in
eukaryotic
organisms
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What is an electron micrograph?
A photograph of an image seen using an
electron microscope
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What is
magnification
?
The number of times
larger
an image appears compared with the
size
of the object
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What are organelles?
Small structures within
cells
, each of which has a specific
function
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What is a
photomicrograph
?
A photograph of an image seen using an
optical microscope
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How does resolution affect the clarity of an image?
The
higher
the
resolution
, the clearer the image
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What is the maximum magnification of optical microscopes?
Up to
x1500
, or in some types
x2000
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Why can't optical microscopes magnify structures closer than
200
nm?
Because their resolution limit is
0.2
μm
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What is the wavelength range of visible light?
Between
400
and
700
nm
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Why can't ribosomes be examined using a light microscope?
Because they are very
small
, non-membrane-bound organelles of about
20
nm diameter
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What is the first step in using a light microscope?
Place the specimen on the
stage
and clip it into place
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What should you adjust while viewing the image for optimum light?
The
iris diaphragm
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What is the total magnification formula for a microscope?
Total magnification =
magnifying power
of the objective lens x magnifying power of the
eyepiece lens
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What is the role of stains in microscopy?
Stains are
coloured
chemicals that bind to
molecules
in or on the specimen, making it easier to see
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What is methylene blue used for?
It is an
all-purpose
stain
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What does acetic orcein stain?
It binds to DNA and stains
chromosomes
dark
red
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What does
eosin stain
?
It stains cytoplasm
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What does Sudan red stain?
It stains
lipids
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How do you convert a measurement in
mm
to μm?
By multiplying the measurement by
1000
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What are the advantages of optical microscopes?
Relatively
cheap
Easy
to use
Portable
and usable in the
field
Can study whole
living
specimens
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What are the characteristics of laser scanning microscopes?
Use
laser light
to scan objects point by point
Assemble images by
computer
Produce
high-resolution
images with
high contrast
Can focus on structures at
different depths
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What are the characteristics of transmission electron microscopes?
Produce a
2D black-and-white
image
Can magnify up to
2 million
times
Used in
medical
professions for diagnosis
Require specimens to be
dead
and
chemically
fixed
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What are the characteristics of scanning electron microscopes?
Produce a
3D
image
Magnification from
x15
up to
x200,000
Specimens must be placed in a
vacuum
and often coated with
metal
Use
secondary
electrons to create images
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What are the limitations of electron microscopes?
Large
and very
expensive
Require
skill
and
training
to use
Specimens must be
dead
Potential hazards from
metallic salt stains
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What is the significance of the logarithmic scale in microscopy?
It shows
sizes
of objects in steps, where each step is a
10-fold
increase
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What is the process of making microscope slides?
Use a
special instrument
to make
thin slices
(sections)
Stain
and mount sections in a
special chemical
to preserve them
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How can unstained specimens be observed under a microscope?
By using
light interference
or a
dark
background
Adjusting the
iris diaphragm
to reduce
illumination
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What is the purpose of adjusting the iris diaphragm on a light microscope?
To
reduce
the
illumination
of the specimen
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What is the process of staining specimens in microscopy?
Making very
thin
slices called
sections
Staining
and mounting them in a special chemical to
preserve
them
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What is the function of stains in microscopy?
Stains are
coloured
chemicals that bind to
molecules
in or on the specimen
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What is
differential
staining?
It is a technique where specific
stains
bind to specific
cell structures
, staining them differently
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What are the steps to calculate the actual thickness of a leaf using a photomicrograph?
Measure the widest part of the leaf in
mm
Convert that measurement to μm by
multiplying
by
1000
Divide
this figure by the
magnification
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What are the key features of prepared microscope slides?
Made by
dehydrating
specimens
Embedded in
wax
to prevent
distortion
during slicing
Permanently
fixed for observation
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What is an
eyepiece graticule
?
A measuring device placed in the
eyepiece
of a
microscope
Acts as a
ruler
when viewing an object under the
microscope
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What is a stage
graticule
?
A precise measuring device placed on the microscope stage
Used to calibrate the value of
eyepiece divisions
at different
magnifications
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How do you use an eyepiece graticule and a stage graticule together?
Insert an
eyepiece graticule
into the eyepiece
Place a
stage graticule
on the microscope stage and bring it into focus
Align both
graticules
to check the value of one
eyepiece division
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What is the length of each division on a stage graticule?
Each division is
0.01 mm
or
10
μm
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How do you measure the actual width of a root using a
graticule
?
Measure the length of the
line
in small divisions and
multiply
by 10 μm
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If the total magnification is x100 and the eyepiece magnification is x10, what is the magnification of the objective lens?
The objective lens magnification is
x10
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What is the equation for calculating actual size from magnification?
Actual size =
Image size
/
Magnification
Magnification =
Image size
/
Actual size
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See all 43 cards
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