Research into cultural variations in attachment

• Who conducted a meta-analysis of attachment research in 1988?


  Van Itzendorn and Kroonenberg
• What method did Van Itzendorn and Kroonenberg use in their meta-analysis?

  They used the Strange Situation method.
• How many studies were included in the meta-analysis by Van Itzendorn and Kroonenberg?

  32 studies
• What was the most common type of attachment found across cultures in the meta-analysis?

  Secure attachment
• In which country was the lowest percentage of secure attachment found according to the meta-analysis?

  China (50%)
• What was the highest percentage of secure attachment found in the meta-analysis and in which country?

  75% in Great Britain
• Which country had the highest percentage of avoidant attachment according to the meta-analysis?

  West Germany (35%)
• What percentage of avoidant attachment was found in Israel and Japan according to the meta-analysis?

  7% in Israel and 5% in Japan
• Where was the highest level of resistant attachment found according to the meta-analysis?

  Israel (29%)
• What was the percentage of secure attachment found in Simonelli's 2014 research?

  50%
• What percentage of insecure attachment was found in Simonelli's 2014 research?

  36%
• What did Takahashi's 1990 research in Japan find regarding insecure-resistant attachment?


  It found quite high levels of insecure-resistant attachment.
• What are the key findings from the meta-analysis conducted by Van Itzendorn and Kroonenberg regarding attachment types across cultures?

  • Secure attachment was most common across cultures.
  • Lowest secure attachment in China (50%).
  • Highest secure attachment in Great Britain (75%).
  • Avoidant attachment was most common in West Germany (35%).
  • Rare in Israel (7%) and Japan (5%).
  • Highest resistant attachment in Israel (29%).
• What were the findings of Simonelli's 2014 research on attachment?

  • 50% of babies had secure attachment.
  • 36% had insecure attachment.
• What did Takahashi's 1990 research reveal about attachment in Japan?


  • Found quite high levels of insecure-resistant attachment.