Health, disease and medicine

• An antibiotic is a chemical produced by a living organism that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria but have no effact on the organisms cells
• Antibodies are proteins produced by B-Lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen, triggering an immune response
• Anticoagulants are drugs that reduce the chance of blood clotting, lowering the risk of a heart attack or stroke
• An antigen is a specific chemical present of the surface of a cell that induces an immune response
• Antihypertensives are drugs that lower the blood pressure, reducing damage to the artery walls
• Antiseptics are chemicals secreted by plants which kill bacterial and fungal pathogens
• Aseptic techniques are used to culture microorganisms under sterile conditions
• An autoclave is a device used to sterilise equipment under high temperatures
• Single-blind trials are a study in which the participants do not know wether they are receiving the new drug or the placebo, decreasing bias results
• B-Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that produce antibodies to a specific antigen
• BMI = Mass

  Height2
• Cardiovascular diseases affect the heart or blood vessels
• Cilia are hair like structures found on ciliated epithelial cells that waft substances across the surface of the tissue in one direction
• Clinical testing is when drugs are texted on healthy human volunteers to check for any side effects and establish an optimum dose
• Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens that spread between individual, directly and indirectly
• Coronary bypass is a surgical procedure that involves taking a blood vessel from one part of the body, such as the arm or leg, and attaching it to the coronary artery to divert blood away from any blockages
• Diagnostic testing is the detection of foreign antigens in the sample of tissue, or the analysis of pathogenic DNA, to allow accurate identification of specific pathogens
• A disease is a disorder in the body or mind that negatively affects an individuals health
• Distribution is the spread of living organisms in an ecosystem, it can be analysed to identify the type of pathogen involved and its mode of transmission
• Double-blind trials are a study where the patient and the researcher both do not know wether the patient is taking the new drug or the placebo, prevents bias from both
• A growth medium is a solid or liquid rich in nutrients to develop microorganisms
• Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being
• Herd immunity is the protection of non vaccinated individuals due to a large proportion of the population being vaccinated and immune
• HIV is an infectious virus that spreads by direct contact with infected bodily fluids which destroys white blood cells and therefore the immune system, it can lead to aids
• Hybridomas are hybrid cells that form from the fusion of B-lymphocytes and myelomas, they are used to produce monoclonal antibodies
• The inhibition zone is the circular area around an antibiotic-soaked paper disk on an agar plate In which bacteria did not grow
• The immune system is the bodies defence against pathogens once they have entered the body
• Immunisation is the deliberate exposure of an individual to an inactive pathogen so antibodies and memory—lymphocytes can be produced and provide immunity to the disease
• Memory lymphocytes are a white blood cell that remain in the blood and fight against specific antigens on a pathogen that return
• Monoclonal antibodies are clones from a single parent B-lymphocyte
• Myeloma cell is a type of tumour cell that fuses with a B-lymphocyte to form a hybridoma cell
• Non-communicable diseases can not be spread between individuals
• A placebo is a substance that identifies with the real drug but has no effect
• Stents are small hollow tubes that can be surgically implanted into arteries which keeps them open, making it easier for blood to flow through
• Statins are a type of drug that decrease blood cholesterol levels which reduces the rate of fatty build-up in the arteries
• Viruses are non-living infectious agents that invade host cells, replicating within them
• White blood cells protect the body from invading pathogens
• Waxy cuticles are layers on top of a leaf that provide a surface barrier to prevent pathogens from entering
• Tumour markers are proteins present on the surface membrane of cancer cells that are not found in normal body cells
• Waist to hip ratio = waist / hip