Relationships

• What does sexual selection explain about certain characteristics?

  It explains why seemingly disadvantageous characteristics are still passed on due to their advantages in sexual selection.
• How do aggressive behaviors in males relate to sexual selection?

  Aggressive behaviors in males increase their chances of protecting females from competing males.
• What is the term used to describe the differences between male and female gametes?

  Anisogamy
• What are some differences between male and female gametes?

  Differences include size, energy invested in production, mobility, and production intervals.
• What are the two types of sexual selection?

  • Intra-sexual selection: strategies within sexes to attract mates, favored by males.
  • Inter-sexual selection: strategies used to attract the opposite sex, favored by females.
• Why do females prefer inter-sexual selection strategies?

  Females prefer these strategies because they invest more energy into the development of ova and have limited reproductive resources.
• What is Fisher's 'sexy sons hypothesis'?

  It suggests that females who mate with attractive males will have attractive offspring, increasing the likelihood of passing on their genes.
• What is the primary goal of intra-sexual selection for males?

  The primary goal is to impregnate as many females as possible to ensure the survival of their genes.
• What are some examples of intra-sexual selection strategies?

  Examples include males behaving aggressively, being protective, and possessing desirable physical characteristics.
• What does dimorphism refer to in the context of sexual selection?

  Dimorphism refers to the physical differences between male and female sexes.
• What is the interactionist approach in sexual selection?

  The interactionist approach combines the influences of both culture and evolution in understanding reproductive patterns.
• How have changing social and cultural norms affected women's partner preferences?

  Women now place less emphasis on resource availability due to increased financial independence.
• What does Singh's (1993) research suggest about the hip to waist ratio?

  It suggests that a hip to waist ratio of around 0.7 indicates female fertility and the ability to carry children.
• Why are females more selective when choosing mates according to Clark and Hatfield (1989)?

  Females are more selective due to their greater energy and genetic investment in pregnancy and child care.
• What percentage of college males were willing to sleep with a stranger according to Clark and Hatfield (1989)?

  75%
• What percentage of college females were willing to sleep with a stranger according to Clark and Hatfield (1989)?

  0%
• What does the research by Clark and Hatfield (1989) support regarding male behavior?

  It supports the idea that men have an evolutionary predisposition to be less selective in mating.
• What term describes the differences between male and female gametes?

  Anisogamy
• What are some differences between male and female gametes?

  Differences may include size, energy investment, mobility, and production intervals
• How does anisogamy relate to sexual selection?

  It reflects the two types of sexual selection preferred by each gender
• What are the two types of sexual selection associated with anisogamy?

  • Intra-sexual selection: competition among the same sex for mates
  • Inter-sexual selection: strategies used to attract the opposite sex
• What does inter-sexual selection describe?

  It describes the strategies that each sex uses to attract the other
• What does anisogamy refer to?

  Anisogamy refers to the difference between male and female sex cells (gametes).
• How do sperm and eggs differ in terms of size and mobility?

  Sperm are extremely small and highly mobile, while eggs are relatively large and static.
• What is the energy expenditure difference in the production of sperm and eggs?

  Sperm do not require great expenditure of energy to produce, while eggs require a huge investment of energy.
• Why do males and females need different strategies to achieve reproductive success?

  Because of the differences in gamete production and investment of energy in reproduction.
• What does anisogamy create in terms of fertile males and females?

  Anisogamy creates an abundance of fertile males while fertile females are a rare resource.
• What is the reproductive strategy for males according to the study material?

  The successful strategy for a male involves having sex with and impregnating as many women as possible.
• What is the reproductive strategy for females according to the study material?

  Females need a partner who will be committed to the relationship and provide resources for her and the child.
• How does Charles Darwin define sexual selection?

  Sexual selection is a type of natural selection and competition for mates that drives evolution.
• What is intrasexual selection?

  Intrasexual selection is where members of the same sex compete with one another for mates of the opposite sex.
• What is intersexual selection?

  Intersexual selection involves one sex having preferences for members of the opposite sex who possess certain qualities.
• What are the differences between intra-sexual and inter-sexual selection?

  • Intra-sexual selection: competition within the same sex for mates.
  • Inter-sexual selection: preferences of one sex for certain qualities in the opposite sex.
• What is the preferred strategy of females in intersexual selection?

  Females prefer quality over quantity in selecting partners.
• What does Trivers (1972) emphasize about female investment in reproduction?

  Trivers emphasizes that females make a greater investment of energy, time, and resources before, during, and after birth.
• What is the female's optimum mating strategy according to the study material?

  The female's optimum mating strategy is to select a genetically fit partner who can provide resources.
• What is the Sexy Son's Hypothesis?

  The Sexy Son's Hypothesis suggests that certain 'sexy' traits are inherited, leading to their exaggeration over generations.
• What is the runaway process in sexual selection?

  The runaway process occurs when females continuously choose tall males, exaggerating the trait over generations.
• What is the preferred strategy of males in intra-sexual selection?

  Males prefer quantity over quality and compete to mate with females.
• What indicators do males prefer in their reproductive strategy?

  Males prefer indicators of youth and fertility, such as facial features and body shape.