thermal

• Conduction:

  the particles at the heated end gain thermal energy and vibrate vigorously.

  collide with neighbouring particles and transfer energy to them

  if metal: free electrons at head end carry energy with them as they diffuse towards the colder end

  free electron diffusion: small size, high speed -> move easily
• liquids and gases are not good thermal conductors:

  • particles are further apart -> probability of collision to transfer energy of particles is lower